Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Maya State Formation

博士论文改进补助金：玛雅国家的形成

• 批准号: 1433043
• 负责人: Katherine Emery
• 金额: $ 2.12万
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-06-01 至 2017-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1433043&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Maya

A central archaeological goal is to understand the mechanisms which permit societies to integrate large number of individuals into functioning social group. Archaeology can provide a unique insight into this process because it can trace - sometimes over millennia - this developmental across time. This project examines the emergence of such social complexity at a prehistoric Mayan site with a particular focus on how uneven distribution of valuable resources serves to establish and maintain the hierarchical structure necessary for large scale social organization. Animals served as objects of value both for the sustenance they provided and for the symbolic functions they served. Animal bones are an excellent source of data because they are well preserved in many archaeological sites.This study addresses the role of animal resources in the formation of the earliest Maya states. Ashley Sharpe, working under the guidance of Dr. Kitty Emery, will analyze animal bones and shells from four Preclassic period (c. 2000 B.C - A.D. 250) Maya sites in Guatemala and Belize. She will address such questions as how and when animals and their products (e.g. meat, fur, feathers, bones, and shells) began to be differentially used among community members for food, crafting, ceremonial rituals, and as markers of status and political authority. This study will also combine traditional zooarchaeological methods with novel stable isotopic techniques to identify past animal management practices and long-distance exchange.The central focus of the investigation is the site of Ceibal, Guatemala, which boasts one of the earliest and longest occupational sequences in the Maya area (c. 1000 B.C. - A.D. 1000). Ceibal became a politically-dominant civic center much earlier than many other Preclassic sites, in part due to its residents' ability to acquire and manage resources, including those of animals. Sharpe will identify animal remains recovered at Ceibal, comparing proportions, diversity, and uses of animals in the site core and periphery to track the development of social complexity. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of mammal and avian bones will identify whether wild animals, particularly deer, peccary, and turkey, were raised in captivity. Strontium, oxygen, and lead isotopes will identify non-local animals at Ceibal that were acquired through long-distance exchange networks established as the site rose to political dominance. To obtain a broader regional understanding of early animal resource use, Ceibal's zooarchaeological data will also be compared with assemblages previously examined by Sharpe for this dissertation project from the neighboring Preclassic sites of San Bartolo, Cival, and Cerros. This is the first large-scale study of animal resource use in the Preclassic period of Maya history. It is also the first study to incorporate lead isotopic analysis of Mesoamerican animal remains, and will establish baseline data for future investigations sourcing archaeological material.The faunal identification and analysis portion of the project will be carried out in the Environmental Archaeology laboratory of the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, and the Ceibal Archaeological Project laboratory in Guatemala City. These analyses will incorporate the training of US and Guatemalan undergraduate researchers. Isotopic studies conducted at the University of Florida Anthropology Bone Chemistry Laboratory will include undergraduate and graduate researcher training in the fields of anthropology and biology, who will be using these same techniques to address research questions in other disciplines. Results will be published and presented in both English and Spanish in Guatemalan and US venues, including publication in open access journals and presentations to local community members to release information to both scientific and public audiences.

中心考古目标是了解允许社会将大量个人融入社会群体的机制。考古学可以为这一过程提供独特的见解，因为它可以追溯（有时是千年的 - 跨时间）。该项目研究了这种社会复杂性在史前的玛雅网站上的出现，特别关注宝贵资源的分布如何建立和维护大规模社会组织所需的等级结构。动物作为其提供的寄托和符号功能的价值对象。动物骨骼是一个极好的数据来源，因为它们在许多考古遗址都保存得很好。这项研究涉及动物资源在最早的玛雅国家形成中的作用。在Kitty Emery博士的指导下工作的Ashley Sharpe将分析危地马拉和伯利兹的四个前古典时期的动物骨头和贝壳。她将解决诸如动物及其产品（例如肉类，毛皮，羽毛，骨头和贝壳）的方式和何时开始在社区成员中差异化，用于食物，制作，礼仪仪式，以及地位和政治权威的标志。这项研究还将将传统的动物考古学方法与新型稳定的同位素技术结合在一起，以识别过去的动物管理实践和长距离交流。调查的主要重点是危地马拉Ceibal的所在地，危地马拉是Maya地区最早，最长的职业序列之一（c。1000B.C. 1000 B.C.-C.- A.D.- A.D. -A.D.1000）。 Ceibal比许多其他五年级遗址更早地成为政治上的市政中心，部分原因是其居民获得和管理包括动物在内的资源（包括动物的资源）的能力。夏普（Sharpe）将在CEIBAL中识别动物遗体，比较现场核心和外围动物的比例，多样性，以跟踪社会复杂性的发展。哺乳动物和禽骨的碳和氮同位素特征将确定野生动物，尤其是鹿，胎儿和火鸡是否在被囚禁中饲养。锶，氧气和铅同位素将在CEIBAL中识别非本地动物，这些动物是通过建立的长距离交换网络获得的，随着该地点的政治优势，这些动物是通过长途交流网络获得的。为了获得对早期动物资源使用的更广泛的区域理解，Ceibal的动物考古数据还将与Sharpe先前从San Bartolo，Cival和Cerros的邻近的预论项目中检查的该论文项目进行比较。这是在玛雅历史的前经典时期对动物资源使用的首次大规模研究。 It is also the first study to incorporate lead isotopic analysis of Mesoamerican animal remains, and will establish baseline data for future investigations sourcing archaeological material.The faunal identification and analysis portion of the project will be carried out in the Environmental Archaeology laboratory of the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, and the Ceibal Archaeological Project laboratory in Guatemala City.这些分析将纳入美国和危地马拉本科研究人员的培训。在佛罗里达大学人类学骨化学实验室进行的同位素研究将包括人类学和生物学领域的本科和研究生研究者培训，他们将使用这些相同的技术来解决其他学科的研究问题。结果将在危地马拉和美国场地上以英语和西班牙语发表，包括在开放访问期刊上出版，以及向当地社区成员发表的演示，以向科学和公众受众发布信息。