The Origins And Spread Of Millet Cultivation

小米种植的起源和传播

• 批准号: 1826727
• 负责人: Xinyi Liu
• 金额: $ 31.25万
• 依托单位: Washington University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-07-15 至 2022-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1826727&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Origins; Spread; Millet; Cultivation

Dr. Xinyi Liu, of Washington University in St. Louis, along with colleagues in US, China, UK and India, will undertake research to study the origins and spread of millet cultivation. This project considers two of the ecologically hardiest of cereal crops: broomcorn (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Today, these two minor cereals are consumed less frequently, thereby attracting little scientific attention, however they were once among the most expansive food crops in geographical terms, with a center of origin in northern China and spreading to India and Europe in prehistory. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we seek answers to two questions: (1) when did millet first become a staple food for human consumption? and (2) when and how did millet cultivation expand from its place of origin in north China to Central and South Asia? The ecological merits of the two millets under investigation make them particularly important in the context of food security in modern systems in their capacity to grow in marginal areas. Understanding the history of these two drought hardy species can also raise awareness of their capacity for future utility.In order to test hypotheses about the consumption and spread of millet, Dr Liu and the research team will undertake three types of analyses: (1) bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of archaeological animal bone collagen and plant materials; (2) compound specific carbon isotope analyses of archaeological human and animal bone collagen; and (3) direct radiocarbon measurements of archaeological millet grains from across Central and South Asia. These data are built on significant improvements in sample preparation and methodological refinements in the recent decade. In taking a multidisciplinary approach, this project provides insight into not only the two specific crops, but the communities who utilize them. Why were these crops chosen as primary targets of food production? Why are communities situated in a recurrent landscape (foothills / edges of the mountains) seemingly always interested in these plants? Why do people seemingly consume a lot of crops but not a lot of meat? Early discussions on East-West contacts have primarily focused on the inter-continental exchange of material goods. This project will however shift the focus to emphasize the role played by the primary agents of agricultural production, the ordinary farming communities themselves, who do not always own much material goods, but pioneered the globalization process in the ancient world.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

圣路易斯华盛顿大学的Xinyi Liu博士以及美国，中国，英国和印度的同事将进行研究以研究小米种植的起源和传播。该项目考虑了两种最坚固的谷物作物：扫帚（Panicum Miliaceum）和Foxtail Millet（setaria Italica）。如今，这两种小谷物的消费频率较低，因此很少引起科学的关注，但是从地理上讲，它们曾经是最广泛的粮食作物之一，在中国北部具有起源中心，并在史前历史上传播到印度和欧洲。使用多学科的方法，我们为两个问题寻求答案：（1）小米何时成为人类消费的主食？ （2）何时，何时以及如何从中国的起源地扩展到中国和南亚？所研究的两个小米的生态优势使它们在现代系统的粮食安全背景下在边际地区生长的能力中尤为重要。了解这两种干旱的野性物种的历史也可以提高人们对未来公用事业能力的认识。在测试有关小米消费和传播的假设，刘博士和研究小组将进行三种类型的分析：（1）大量的碳和氮同位素分析的考古动物骨胶原蛋白和植物材料； （2）考古人和动物骨胶原蛋白的复合特异性碳同位素分析； （3）来自中亚和南亚的考古小米晶粒的直接放射性碳测量。这些数据建立在最近十年中样本制备和方法学改进方面的显着改善。在采用多学科方法时，该项目不仅可以洞悉两种特定的农作物，而且还提供了利用它们的社区。为什么选择这些农作物作为粮食生产的主要靶标？为什么社区位于复发景观（山区的山麓 /边缘）中似乎总是对这些植物感兴趣的？为什么人们似乎会食用很多农作物，但没有很多肉？关于东西方接触的早期讨论主要集中在企业跨大陆交换上。然而，该项目将转移重点，以强调农业生产的主要代理人，普通农业社区本身的作用，他们本身并不总是拥有太多的物质商品，但在古代世界中的全球化进程开创了。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并通过使用基金会的知识优点和广泛的范围来评估，这是NSF的法定任务，并被认为是通过评估值得的。

项目成果

From ecological opportunism to multi-cropping: Mapping food globalisation in prehistory

• DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.017
• 发表时间: 2019-02-15
• 期刊: QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS
• 影响因子: 4
• 作者: Liu, Xinyi;Jones, Penelope J.;Jones, Martin K.
• 通讯作者: Jones, Martin K.

The wind that shakes the barley: the role of East Asian cuisines on barley grain size

• DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2022.2030792
• 发表时间: 2021-03
• 期刊: World Archaeology
• 影响因子: 1.3
• 作者: Melissa M. Ritchey;Yufeng Sun;Giedrė Motuzaitė Matuzevičiūtė;Shinya Shoda;A. K. Pokharia;Michael Spate;Li Tang;Jixiang Song;Haiming Li;G. Dong;Petra Vaiglova;Michael D. Frachetti;Xinyi Liu

The importance of localized hunting of diverse animals to early inhabitants of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau at the Neolithic site of Xiaoenda

• DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2019.09.019
• 发表时间: 2019-09
• 期刊: Quaternary International
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Zhengwei Zhang;Zujun Chen;F. Marshall;Hongliang Lü;Ximena Lemoine;T. Wangyal;Tsepa Dorje;Xinyi Liu

Farming and multi-resource subsistence in the third and second millennium BC: archaeobotanical evidence from Karuo

• DOI: 10.1007/s12520-021-01281-9
• 发表时间: 2021-02
• 期刊: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Jixiang Song;Yuanyuan Gao;Li Tang;Zhengwei Zhang;Mana Hayashi Tang;Hailun Xu;T. Wangyal;Haibing Yuan;Lan Li;Yongxian Li;Shargan Wangdue;Xinyi Liu;Hongliang Lu

Archaeobotanical investigations at the earliest horse herder site of Botai in Kazakhstan

• DOI: 10.1007/s12520-019-00924-2
• 发表时间: 2019-10-28
• 期刊: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Matuzeviciute, Giedre Motuzaite;Lightfoot, E.;Jones, M. K.
• 通讯作者: Jones, M. K.