Collaborative Research: From hot to cold in the dark - shifts in seafloor massive sulfide microbial communities as physical and geochemical conditions change after venting ceases

合作研究：在黑暗中从热到冷——排气停止后，随着物理和地球化学条件的变化，海底大量硫化物微生物群落发生变化

基本信息

批准号：
1756419
负责人：
Margaret Tivey
金额：
$ 12.86万
依托单位：
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2018-09-01 至 2023-11-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1756419&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Collaborative Research hot cold dark

项目摘要

Hydrothermal vents, which deposit seafloor massive sulfides (SMS), occur along the 89,000 km of mid-ocean ridges, submarine volcanoes, and backarc basins that occur at tectonic plate boundaries in the ocean. Active hydrothermal vent sulfide chimneys are hotspots of biodiversity and productivity in the deep ocean, as well as potential resources for metals. While significant effort has focused on understanding the diversity of biological communities and geochemistry associated with actively venting SMS, relatively little is known about the biological communities associated with SMS once venting ceases. Furthermore, little is known about the microbiological and geochemical changes that occur during the transition period from active to inactive, during which an important succession occurs in the microbial community and geochemistry of fluids within the chimney. This interdisciplinary project will create and sample this transition period by collecting multiple active SMS samples from individual vents at 9 degrees N East Pacific Rise and allowing them to transition to inactive on the seafloor, mimicking the end of venting while allowing for the exact time when venting ceased to be known, something not possible when sampling naturally formed inactive SMS. Microbial community diversity and metabolism will be analyzed in parallel with bulk and fine-scale geological measurements for active, transitioning, and inactive sulfides. This seafloor experimental and analytical approach will provide knowledge of how microbial communities, rates of biogeochemical transformations, and geological conditions change as SMS transition from hot and actively venting to cold and inactive. Students in grades 6-8 will be entrained into the project through research cruise "ship-to-shore" interactions and communications, post-cruise workshops for educators working with students typically underrepresented in STEM fields, and a collaboration with the Science, Engineering, Art and Design Gallery (SEAD), a community and economic development project in Bryan, TX. Hydrothermal vents are quantitatively important to the biology and chemistry of the deep ocean, but the vast majority of current knowledge focuses on actively venting deposits. However, after venting ceases, sulfides can persist on the seafloor for tens of thousands of years, making them long-lived, globally-abundant microbial substrates. In recent years, studies of inactive SMS found drastically different microbial communities than those on active deposits, indicating a succession of the microbial community, and thus a potentially different impact on deep ocean biodiversity and biogeochemistry than actively venting deposits. However, ages of the inactive structures are often not known, so it is impossible to estimate how quickly these changes occur, and how quickly co-occurring changes in sulfide mineralogy and microbiological communities occur. This project will provide the first insight into what happens at the microbial and mineralogical level as SMS initially transition from active to inactive. Active SMS will be sampled and analyzed for microbial community composition, functional capacity, gene expression and metabolic rates. Co-located subsamples will be analyzed for porosity and bulk and fine-scale mineralogy. Subsamples of those active SMS samples will be left on the seafloor to incubate and be collected weeks and a year or more later, with the same analyses conducted upon collection. This will allow for determination of microbiological and mineralogical changes that occur during that initial transition and for comparison with older inactive SMS from the same vent fields. Together, the data collected will be integrated to generate a conceptual model of succession of biology, mineralogy, porosity and pore distribution as vent deposits transition from active to inactive. This project will fill a knowledge gap about hydrothermal ecosystems and has the potential to transform the current understanding of diversity and rates of change in these important seafloor biomes.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

沉积海底巨大硫化物（SMS）的水热通风孔发生在89,000公里的中山脊，海底火山和后弧盆地，发生在海洋中的构造板块边界处。活性的热液硫化物烟囱是深海中生物多样性和生产力的热点，也是金属的潜在资源。尽管重大努力集中在理解与积极发泄SMS相关的生物群落和地球化学的多样性上，但对与曾经发泄的SMS相关的生物群落的了解相对较少。此外，关于从主动到不活跃的过渡期间发生的微生物和地球化学变化知之甚少，在此期间，在烟囱内的微生物群落和流体的地球化学中发生了重要的继承。这个跨学科的项目将通过在东太平洋上升9度的单个通风口收集多个主动的SMS样品来创建和采样，并允许它们在海底过渡到不活动，模仿通风的结束，同时允许精确的时间在排气时停止排气，这是不可能的，在采样自然地采样时，这是不可能的，这是不可能的。微生物群落的多样性和代谢将与批量和精细的地质测量并行分析，以进行主动，过渡和非活性硫化物。这种海底实验和分析方法将提供有关微生物群落，生物地球化学转化速率以及地质条件如何随着SMS从热，积极发泄到寒冷和不活跃的转变而变化的知识。 6 - 8年级的学生将通过研究巡航“船上”互动和沟通来纳入该项目，这是针对与STEM领域中通常代表的学生合作的教育工作者的培训后研讨会，以及与科学，工程，艺术和设计画廊（SEAD）的合作，TX，TX，TX Bryan的社区和经济发展项目。水热通风孔在数量上对深海的生物学和化学很重要，但是绝大多数当前知识都集中在积极发泄沉积物上。但是，在排气停止后，硫化物可以在海底持续数万年，使其长期寿命，全球丰富的微生物底物。近年来，对非活性SMS的研究发现，微生物群落与活跃沉积物的微生物群落截然不同，表明微生物群落的连续性，因此对深海生物多样性和生物地球化学的影响可能与积极发泄沉积物产生不同的影响。但是，通常不知道非活动结构的年龄，因此无法估计这些变化发生的速度以及硫化物矿物学和微生物群落的同时发生变化的速度发生了多快。当SMS最初从活动性过渡到无活性时，该项目将为微生物和矿物学水平上发生的情况提供第一个洞察力。主动SMS将进行采样并分析微生物群落组成，功能能力，基因表达和代谢率。将分析共置的子样本的孔隙率和散装和细尺度矿物学。这些活性SMS样品的子样本将留在海底孵化，并在收集时进行相同的分析，并在数周和一年之后收集。这将允许确定初始过渡过程中发生的微生物和矿物学变化，并与来自同一通风口场的较旧的非活性SMS进行比较。将收集到的数据共同集成，以生成生物学，矿物学，孔隙率和孔分布的概念模型，因为排气沉积物从活跃到无效。该项目将填补有关水热生态系统的知识差距，并有可能改变这些重要的海底生物群落中对多样性和变化速率的当前理解。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是值得通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛影响的审查标准来通过评估来获得支持的。