Etymological Dictionary of Akkadian (EDA)

阿卡德语词源词典 (EDA)

• 批准号: 230481373
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Manfred Krebernik
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Altorientalisches Institut
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2012-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/230481373?language=en
• 关键词: Etymological; Dictionary; Akkadian; EDA

Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian), written in the cuneiform script, is the earliest Semitic language attested and at the same time the most important Ancient Near Eastern language with regard to the duration and size of its documentation. Furthermore, it is one of the best attested languages of antiqitity. The size of the Akkadian text corpus approximately corresponds to the corpus of Latin up to 300 AD. The written documentation of Akkadian starts in Southern Mesopotamia about 2600 BC. For several centuries, Akkadian stood there in close contact with Sumerian, the earliest cuneiform language. Around 2000 BC, Akkadian replaced Sumerian as a spoken vernacular. From the beginning of the 2d millennium on, Akkadian was adopted (at least as a written language) in the neighbouring kingdom of Elam to the East of Babylonia where Elamite, an indigenous language, was spoken. Several ethnic groups entering Mesoptamia such as Guteans, Amorites, Hurrians and Kassites also adopted Akkadian as a written language. As the vernacular of powerful Mesopotamian empires (Babylonia, Assyria), Akkadian gained international significance during the 2d millennium BC. Thus it was used by the Hittite kings of Asia Minor and by the Egyptian pharaos as a lingua franca for their international diplomatic correspondance. In the course of the 1st millennium BC, Akkadian was increasingly replaced by Aramaic, a northwest Semitic language, which itself became superseded by Arabic, another Semitic language, after the spread of Islam.Therefore, Akkadian is of extraordinary importance not only for the reconstruction of the early history of Semitic languages but also as the source, receptor and transmitter of loanwords and foreign words of Semitic and non-Semitic origin, part of which still survive in modern languages. Except for the texts from Ebla (Syria) unearthed since 1974/5, the Akkadian lexicon is actually relatively well accessible through two large dictionaries, AHw. and CAD. As a huge reservoir for the history of Near Eastern languages and cultures, however, it is still almost unexploited. This is the main goal of the project proposed.

阿卡德语（巴比伦-亚述语）以楔形文字书写，是已证实的最早的闪族语言，同时就其文献的持续时间和规模而言，也是最重要的古代近东语言。此外，它是最经证实的古代语言之一。阿卡德语文本语料库的大小大约相当于公元 300 年的拉丁语语料库。阿卡德语的书面文献始于大约公元前 2600 年的美索不达米亚南部。几个世纪以来，阿卡德语与最早的楔形文字苏美尔语保持着密切的联系。公元前 2000 年左右，阿卡德语取代苏美尔语成为口语。从第二个千年开始，阿卡德语在巴比伦东部的邻国埃兰被采用（至少作为一种书面语言），那里讲的是土著语言埃兰语。进入美索不达米亚的几个民族，如古泰人、亚摩利人、胡里安人和加喜特人也采用阿卡德语作为书面语言。作为强大的美索不达米亚帝国（巴比伦、亚述）的方言，阿卡德语在公元前两千年期间获得了国际意义。因此，它被小亚细亚的赫梯国王和埃及法老用作国际外交通信的通用语言。在公元前一千年的过程中，阿卡德语逐渐被阿拉姆语（西北闪米特语）所取代，而在伊斯兰教传播之后，阿拉姆语本身又被另一种闪米特语阿拉伯语所取代。因此，阿卡德语不仅对于重建具有非凡的重要性。它不仅是闪米特语言早期历史的一部分，也是闪米特语和非闪米特语的借词和外来词的来源、接受者和传播者，其中部分词汇仍然存在于现代语言中。除了自 1974 年 5 月以来出土的埃布拉（叙利亚）文本外，阿卡德语词典实际上可以通过两部大型词典 AHw 相对容易地访问。和计算机辅助设计。然而，作为近东语言和文化历史的巨大宝库，它仍然几乎未被开发。这是该项目的主要目标。