Collaborative Research: Terrestrial Late Permian to Early Triassic Earth Systems in NE Pangea: Insights into the Tempo, Effects, and Causes of the End-Permian Mass Extinction

合作研究：盘古大陆东北部的陆地晚二叠世至早三叠世地球系统：深入了解二叠纪末大规模灭绝的节奏、影响和原因

• 批准号: 1714863
• 负责人: James Crowley
• 金额: $ 16.18万
• 依托单位: Boise State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-08-01 至 2021-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1714863&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Terrestrial; Late; Permian

ABSTRACTA non-technical description explaining the broader significance of the projectMajor mass extinctions have occurred at various times throughout Earth history. The most well-known of these happened with the demise of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period, but it is believed that the largest mass extinction happened at the end of the Permian Period, approximately 252 million years ago. The extinction in the marine realm was global and occurred over a relatively short time interval. However, events in the terrestrial environment are only sparsely documented. This project will examine well-exposed sedimentary rock successions that formed in lakes, rivers, and ancient soils during the time of these extinctions. This research will enable a precise documentation of the sequence of events on land, a comprehensive analysis of the environmental changes that took place before, during and after the event, and an investigation of how terrestrial animals and plants responded to these changes. The results will determine if extinctions on the continents occurred at the same time as those in the ocean and what conditions existed that may have caused such large-scale changes. Given current concern about rates of extinction, knowledge of the processes that occurred in the past will help identify the reasons behind major changes in flora and fauna. The project will develop museum exhibits and outreach programs to inform both educational and general audiences.A technical description of the projectA comprehensive, multidisciplinary investigation of critical intervals of Earth history offers the best insights into the conditions that prevailed before, during, and after major biotic crises. The Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction is used as a model of how biological and physical systems responded to major climate changes, including those attributable to increasing greenhouse gases. Currently, the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction is interpreted as a coupled catastrophic collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems, both of which experienced protracted restructuring of ecological communities and recovery of stable ecosystem dynamics. The Bogda Mountains in China contain a fully continental stratigraphy spanning the critical interval wherein fluvial and lacustrine deposits alternate with an extensive paleosol record, from which pedogenic trends and geochemical models can be derived. A paleontological record including major plant and animal groups is well-preserved. Pilot-project data show the preservation of a primary magnetization in rocks in the section, from which a robust magnetic polarity stratigraphy can be derived. There are also numerous volcanic deposits that contain primary volcanic zircons spanning the critical interval. These will be used to obtain high precision ages to establish a careful chronology. Together, these data allow evaluation of environmental and ecosystem changes that took place during the Permian-Triassic transition. Research results will be integrated into curricula at each participating academic institution, and summer outreach programs will be offered to high-school science teachers. Five educational videos will be developed for the Field Museum's award winning "The Brain Scoop" YouTube channel. Data visualizations of analytical and model results will be developed for informal education outreach in conjunction with the Visualization Studio at the California Academy of Sciences.

摘要的非技术描述解释了项目玛利群众灭绝的更广泛意义，这在整个地球历史上的不同时期发生了。其中最著名的是，在白垩纪时期结束时恐龙的消亡发生，但据信，最大的质量灭绝发生在大约2.52亿年前的二叠纪时期结束时。海洋领域的灭绝是全球性的，发生在相对较短的时间间隔内。但是，陆地环境中的事件仅记录在陆地环境中。该项目将检查这些灭绝时期在湖泊，河流和古老土壤中形成的盛产的沉积岩石继承。这项研究将对土地上事件的一系列事件进行精确的文档，对事件发生之前，期间和之后发生的环境变化进行全面分析，以及对陆地动物和植物如何对这些变化做出反应的研究。结果将确定在大陆上的灭绝是否与海洋中的灭绝发生，以及可能导致如此大规模变化的哪些条件。考虑到当前对灭绝率的关注，对过去发生的过程的了解将有助于确定动植物的重大变化背后的原因。该项目将开发博物馆展览和外展计划，以告知教育和一般受众。对地球历史关键间隔的Projecta综合，多学科调查的技术描述提供了对之前，期间，期间和之后盛行的条件的最佳见解。渗透三叠纪质量灭绝被用作生物学和物理系统如何响应重大气候变化的模型，包括归因于增加温室气体的气候变化。目前，近三叠纪的质量灭绝被解释为海洋和陆地生态系统的造成灾难性崩溃，这两者都经历了生态群落的旷日持久的重组和稳定的生态系统动力学的恢复。中国的Bogda山脉包含​​横跨临界间隔的完全大陆地层，其中河流和湖泊沉积物与广泛的古质记录交替出现，可以从中得出成源性趋势和地球化学模型。保存完好的古生物学记录，包括主要动植物和动物群体。试点项目显示，该部分中岩石中的一级磁化保存，可以从中得出强大的磁性极性地层。还有许多火山沉积物，其中包含横跨临界间隔的原发性火山锆石。这些将用于获得高精度年龄以建立仔细的年表。 总之，这些数据允许评估二叠纪三叠纪过渡期间发生的环境和生态系统变化。研究结果将纳入每个参与学术机构的课程中，并将向高中科学教师提供夏季外展计划。将为现场博物馆屡获殊荣的“脑铲” YouTube频道制定五个教育视频。分析和模型结果的数据可视化将与加利福尼亚科学院的可视化工作室结合使用，以开发非正式教育外展。