Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Role of Status in the Maintenance of Complex Society

博士论文改进补助金：地位在维持复杂社会中的作用

• 批准号: 1640341
• 负责人: Robert Drennan
• 金额: $ 2.52万
• 依托单位: University of Pittsburgh
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-08-01 至 2018-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1640341&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Role

Researchers want to understand better the dynamics behind the emergence and development of large communities that have served as centers binding the populations of regions into integrated societies. Such communities first emerged as much as 8,000 years ago in many parts of the world and served as the foundation for the much larger-scale societies with very complex patterns of organization in which the majority of the world's population lives today. The kinds of activities that were concentrated in these early centers varied considerably from one region to another. In some instances increasing craft specialization and economic interdependence between households across a region seem crucial. In other instances religious beliefs and ritual activities were of the utmost importance. And in still other cases, conflict and military defense and offense appear to have played a principal role. In varying combinations, these and other social relationships often created strong inequalities of several kinds around which societies were organized. Just how particular patterns came to be emphasized in different places and how they led to varying degrees and kinds of social inequalities are not well understood. This is especially true of cases in which growing social inequalities were not grounded in differences in productive activities, wealth, and standards of living among the population.This project will pursue the possibility that in situations of relatively intense conflict, leaders in warfare acquire considerable prestige and more general authority and serve as the social centers of gravity for larger communities. As most often envisioned by researchers, such a path of development leads to increasing economic control and accumulation of wealth by these leaders, which enables them to broaden their social and political power. A prime opportunity to investigate this line of reasoning is provided by the rapid emergence of Sintashta-Petrovka societies of the southern Urals around 2000 BC. Elaborate warrior graves associated with small, compact, heavily fortified settlements indicate the social importance of war leaders, but little is known of the nature and organization of the communities they apparently led. Tightly-packed residences within small fortified areas have been studied, but held remarkably small numbers of inhabitants, probably representing only a portion of the regional populations of these polities. Previous research has failed to find much evidence of other hinterland communities in the regions around the fortified centers. But little-studied archaeological remains immediately outside the walls of the fortified centers may represent an important additional component of these communities. This research will target those remains and reconstruct the activities, statuses, and standards of living they represent and compare them to those of the people inside the fortifications. This will reveal whether the war leaders, as theorized, took on broader social and economic roles and a prestigious and became wealthy or whether a more egalitarian foundation anchored the society.

研究人员希望更好地了解大型社区的出现和发展背后的动力，这些社区已成为将地区人口结合成一体化社会的中心。这些社区早在 8000 年前就在世界许多地方首次出现，并成为当今世界大多数人口所生活的具有非常复杂组织模式的更大规模社会的基础。集中在这些早期中心的活动类型因地区而异。在某些情况下，提高一个地区家庭之间的工艺专业化和经济相互依赖性似乎至关重要。在其他情况下，宗教信仰和仪式活动至关重要。在其他情况下，冲突和军事防御和进攻似乎发挥了主要作用。这些社会关系和其他社会关系在不同的组合中常常造成多种严重的不平等，社会正是围绕这些不平等而组织起来的。不同地方如何强调特定的模式以及它们如何导致不同程度和类型的社会不平等，目前尚不清楚。对于那些日益严重的社会不平等并非源于人们生产活动、财富和生活水平差异的情况尤其如此。该项目将探讨这样一种可能性：在相对激烈的冲突局势中，战争中的领导人获得相当大的威望和更普遍的权威，并成为更大社区的社会重心。正如研究人员最常设想的那样，这样的发展道路会导致这些领导人加强经济控制和财富积累，从而扩大他们的社会和政治权力。公元前 2000 年左右乌拉尔南部辛塔什塔-彼得罗夫卡社会的迅速出现为研究这一推理提供了一个绝佳的机会。与小型、紧凑、戒备森严的定居点相关的精致的战士坟墓表明了战争领导人的社会重要性，但人们对他们显然领导的社区的性质和组织知之甚少。研究人员对小型设防区内的密集住宅进行了研究，但居住人数极少，可能仅代表这些政体区域人口的一部分。之前的研究未能在防御中心周围地区找到其他腹地社区的证据。但紧邻防御中心墙外的考古遗迹研究甚少，可能代表了这些社区的一个重要的附加组成部分。这项研究将以这些遗骸为目标，重建他们所代表的活动、状态和生活水平，并将它们与防御工事内的人们进行比较。这将揭示战争领导人是否像理论上那样承担了更广泛的社会和经济角色、享有声望并变得富有，或者是否有一个更平等的基础支撑着社会。

项目成果

Social Organization of the Sintashta-Petrovka Groups of the Late Bronze Age and a Cause for Origin of Social Elites (Based on Materials of the Settlement of Kamenny Ambar)

青铜时代晚期辛塔什塔-彼得罗夫卡群体的社会组织和社会精英起源的原因（基于卡门尼·安巴尔定居点的材料）

• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Stratum plus
• 影响因子: 0.2
• 作者: Chechushkov, Igor V.;Yakimov, Artyom S.;Bachura, Olga P.;Ng, Yan Chuen;Goncharova, Evgeniya N.
• 通讯作者: Goncharova, Evgeniya N.