Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Role of Status in the Maintenance of Complex Society

博士论文改进补助金：地位在维持复杂社会中的作用

• 批准号: 1640341
• 负责人: Robert Drennan
• 金额: $ 2.52万
• 依托单位: University of Pittsburgh
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-08-01 至 2018-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1640341&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Role

Researchers want to understand better the dynamics behind the emergence and development of large communities that have served as centers binding the populations of regions into integrated societies. Such communities first emerged as much as 8,000 years ago in many parts of the world and served as the foundation for the much larger-scale societies with very complex patterns of organization in which the majority of the world's population lives today. The kinds of activities that were concentrated in these early centers varied considerably from one region to another. In some instances increasing craft specialization and economic interdependence between households across a region seem crucial. In other instances religious beliefs and ritual activities were of the utmost importance. And in still other cases, conflict and military defense and offense appear to have played a principal role. In varying combinations, these and other social relationships often created strong inequalities of several kinds around which societies were organized. Just how particular patterns came to be emphasized in different places and how they led to varying degrees and kinds of social inequalities are not well understood. This is especially true of cases in which growing social inequalities were not grounded in differences in productive activities, wealth, and standards of living among the population.This project will pursue the possibility that in situations of relatively intense conflict, leaders in warfare acquire considerable prestige and more general authority and serve as the social centers of gravity for larger communities. As most often envisioned by researchers, such a path of development leads to increasing economic control and accumulation of wealth by these leaders, which enables them to broaden their social and political power. A prime opportunity to investigate this line of reasoning is provided by the rapid emergence of Sintashta-Petrovka societies of the southern Urals around 2000 BC. Elaborate warrior graves associated with small, compact, heavily fortified settlements indicate the social importance of war leaders, but little is known of the nature and organization of the communities they apparently led. Tightly-packed residences within small fortified areas have been studied, but held remarkably small numbers of inhabitants, probably representing only a portion of the regional populations of these polities. Previous research has failed to find much evidence of other hinterland communities in the regions around the fortified centers. But little-studied archaeological remains immediately outside the walls of the fortified centers may represent an important additional component of these communities. This research will target those remains and reconstruct the activities, statuses, and standards of living they represent and compare them to those of the people inside the fortifications. This will reveal whether the war leaders, as theorized, took on broader social and economic roles and a prestigious and became wealthy or whether a more egalitarian foundation anchored the society.

研究人员希望更好地理解大型社区的出现和发展背后的动态，这些社区已成为将各地区种群绑定到综合社会中的中心。这些社区首先在世界许多地方出现了多达8，000年前，并为较大规模的社会提供了基础，其组织模式非常复杂，当今世界上大多数人口都居住。从一个地区到另一个地区，集中在这些早期中心的活动种类差异很大。在某些情况下，越来越多的工艺专业化和整个地区家庭之间的经济相互依存似乎至关重要。在其他情况下，宗教信仰和仪式活动至关重要。在其他情况下，冲突，军事防御和犯罪似乎也起着主要作用。在不同的组合中，这些和其他社会关系通常会围绕组织社会组织的几种强烈不平等。尚不对不同程度和种类的社会不平等程度以及如何导致各种程度的方式强调特定的模式。对于越来越多的社会不平等现象的案例尤其如此，这不是在人口中生产活动，财富和生活水平的差异中基础的。该项目将追求一种可能性，即在相对激烈的冲突情况下，战争中的领导者获得了相当大的声望，更加普遍的权威，更加一般的一般权威，并成为大型社区的社会社会中心。正如研究人员经常设想的那样，这种发展的途径会导致这些领导人的经济控制和财富积累的增加，这使他们能够扩大社会和政治权力。研究这一推理的主要机会是由公元前2000年左右的Sintashta-Petrovka社会迅速出现。精心制作的战士坟墓与小型，紧凑，严重的强化定居点相关，这表明了战争领导人的社会重要性，但对他们显然领导的社区的性质和组织知之甚少。已经研究了小型强化地区内的紧密包装住宅，但居民数量相当大，可能仅代表这些政体的地区人口中的一部分。先前的研究未能找到强化中心周围地区其他腹地社区的大量证据。但是，在强化中心的墙壁外面，很少有研究的考古遗迹可能代表着这些社区的重要组成部分。这项研究将针对这些遗体，并重建它们所代表的活动，地位和生活水平，并将其与防御工事内部的人们进行比较。这将揭示战争领导人是否作为理论上的人担任更广泛的社会和经济角色，并享有盛名，并变得富有，还是更平等的基金会锚定了社会。

项目成果

Social Organization of the Sintashta-Petrovka Groups of the Late Bronze Age and a Cause for Origin of Social Elites (Based on Materials of the Settlement of Kamenny Ambar)

青铜时代晚期辛塔什塔-彼得罗夫卡群体的社会组织和社会精英起源的原因（基于卡门尼·安巴尔定居点的材料）

• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Stratum plus
• 影响因子: 0.2
• 作者: Chechushkov, Igor V.;Yakimov, Artyom S.;Bachura, Olga P.;Ng, Yan Chuen;Goncharova, Evgeniya N.
• 通讯作者: Goncharova, Evgeniya N.