RAPID: El Niño Southern Oscillation Events, Migration, and Resilience

RAPID：厄尔尼诺南方涛动事件、移民和复原力

• 批准号: 1602367
• 负责人: Jerry Jacka
• 金额: $ 2.18万
• 依托单位: University of Colorado at Boulder
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-01-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1602367&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: RAPID; El; Ni; Southern; Oscillation

This award supports scientific research on processes that foster social-ecological resilience in the face of global climatic changes. Researchers have found that the capacity of a system to withstand shocks and uncertainties is a property of a system's overall resilience, not just the resilience of the specific component under stress. Some aspects of a social-ecological system, such as cultural worldviews, are more resistant to change and change more slowly than other aspects, such as rules and norms, which change more quickly. Surprisingly, while systems for allocating resources generally change fastest of all, little is known about how this actually happens and how the changes work their way through the system as a whole to finally affect rules, norms, and worldviews. At a time when resources throughout the world are increasingly under stress from war, population movement, and natural disasters, it is critical for policy makers and citizens, as well as scientists, to understand the social processes through which resource reallocation is achieved when a social-ecological system is under stress. Therefore, anthropologist Dr. Jerry Jacka (University of Colorado, Boulder) will return to the highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG), where he has been investigating the relationships between resilience and vulnerability since 1998. The highland social-ecological system is currently under stress because of an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. ENSOs, which are caused by variations in the surface temperature of the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean, happen irregularly but when they do, the effects can be devastating. Horticulturalists in highlands PNG are severely impacted during strong El Niños because the accompanying frosts and droughts devastate their subsistence food crops. During previous ENSO weather events, highland people migrated to lower altitude areas, where they could find temporary accommodation with lowland residents. However, economic development, population pressures, and changes in the governance of and access to natural resources are restricting these traditional responses. This affords the researcher an opportunity to observe the processes by which new responses are developed. Data will be gathered through ethnographic fieldwork. Local resource managers from four communities (two migrating communities and two host communities who take the migrants in) will be interviewed to understand the decisions and practices related to mitigating vulnerabilities to ENSO events. Research participants will also engage in rankings of risks and concept mapping to understand how El Niños are characterized and conceptualized in a diversity of livelihood contexts. Government and non-governmental officials will be interviewed to look at regional and state-level responses to the climate crisis. Findings from this research will illuminate the factors that promote social-ecological resilience and will be generalizable to other contexts and other stresses.

该奖项支持对面对全球气候变化的过程促进社会生态韧性的过程的科学研究。研究人员发现，系统承受冲击和不确定性的能力是系统整体弹性的特性，而不仅仅是在压力下特定组件的弹性。社会生态系统的某些方面（例如文化世界观）比其他方面和正常情况更耐药地更慢地改变和变化，这些方面的变化更快。令人惊讶的是，尽管用于分配资源的系统通常会在所有方面变化最快，但对这种情况的实际发生方式以及变化如何在整个系统中奏效，以最终影响规则，规范和世界观。在世界各地的资源越来越受到战争，人口运动和自然灾害的压力时，对于政策制定者和公民以及科学家来说，了解社会生态系统面临压力时实现资源重新分配的社会过程至关重要。因此，人类学家杰里·杰克（Jerry Jacka）博士（博尔德分校）将返回巴布亚新几内亚（PNG）的高地，在那里他一直在调查自1998年以来的韧性与脆弱性之间的关系。高地社会生态系统目前处于压力下，因为ElNiñoSouthernSouthern Oscillation（Enso）（Enso）活动。 ensos是由东太平洋水域表面温度变化引起的，它不规则地发生，但是当它们这样做时，效果可能是毁灭性的。高地PNG的园艺家在强大的厄尔尼诺斯期间受到严重影响，因为参与和干旱破坏了他们的生存粮食作物。在以前的ENSO天气事件中，高地人迁移到较低的海拔地区，他们可以在那里找到与低地居民的临时住宿。但是，经济发展，人口压力以及获得自然资源的治理和获取的变化正在限制这些传统的反应。这为研究人员提供了观察新响应的过程的机会。数据将通过民族志现场工作收集。将采访来自四个社区（两个移民社区和两个接待移民的寄生社区）的地方资源经理，以了解与减轻ENSO事件脆弱性有关的决策和实践。研究参与者还将参与风险和概念映射的排名，以了解厄尔尼诺斯如何在多种生活环境中对厄尔尼诺斯进行表征和概念化。政府和非政府官员将接受采访，以研究对气候危机的地区和州级别的反应。这项研究的发现将阐明促进社会生态弹性的因素，并可以推广到其他情况和其他压力。