Doctoral Dissertation Research: Ethnographic Analysis of Linkages between Rural Land Dispossession, Land Use Change, and Deforestation

博士论文研究：农村土地征用、土地利用变化和森林砍伐之间联系的民族志分析

• 批准号: 1558558
• 负责人: Linda Green
• 金额: $ 1.37万
• 依托单位: University of Arizona
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-09-01 至 2018-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1558558&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Ethnographic; Analysis

The research supported by this award will investigate the human causes and consequences of agricultural expansion with accompanying deforestation. Deforestation's environmental impacts, including soil erosion, increased flooding, desertification, and habitat loss, are well-established. Logging can be a deforestation trigger, but agriculture is its biggest driver. Small-scale farmers cut wood for fuel and clear modest spaces for crops; mechanized, industrial farming and large-scale ranching clear larger tracts. Industrial agriculture has increased food production and reduced local food shortages. But because these large scale operations require access to expensive technologies and farming inputs, the expansion of industrial agriculture has also pushed poor rural farmers off their lands into cities and into the global flow of migrants. This confluence of agriculture, deforestation, urbanization, and migration changes local environments, destabilizes local politics, and impacts migrant receiving countries, including the United States. These processes are well-documented on a global scale, but the local-level micro-processes that set these effects off in the beginning are much more poorly understood. How exactly does mechanized agriculture expand into forested areas? How do smallholders lose control of land? Why do so many end up leaving for urban areas? These are the questions the research funded by this award will address.The research will be carried out by University of Arizona anthropology doctoral student, Cari Tusing, with the supervision of senior anthropologist Dr. Linda B. Green. Because these processes have already taken place in the United States, where industrial agriculture is now the norm, Tusing will travel to Paraguay where industrial soy farming is just now moving into forested areas, dramatically modifying the landscape and giving Paraguay a deforestation rate that is among the highest in the world. The researcher will concentrate data collection in the region surrounding the Paraguay-Brazil border, where Brazilians are crossing into Paraguay to develop land for large-scale agriculture and ranching in an area where Paraguayan small-scale farmers and Guarani Amerindians practice agroforestry and subsistence agriculture. The researcher will collect data on land titling; class, race, and national identities; and cultural understandings of the relationship between agriculture and deforestation. For this phase of a multi-phase project, the investigator will focus on the Brazilian (also called Brasiguayo) farmers to document their farming practices, strategies employed to obtain land, and social and economic networks. Data will be collected with multiple social science methods including participant observation, interviews, and farm transect walks. Comparable data have already been collected on small-holder farmers and Guarani Amerindians. Cumulatively, the three data sets will produce a fully rounded account of the nature of recent land-use change and its effects on agricultural production, deforestation, local livelihoods, and rural-to-urban migration.

该奖项支持的研究将调查农业扩张的人类原因和后果，并随附森林砍伐。森林砍伐的环境影响，包括土壤侵蚀，洪水增加，荒漠化和栖息地丧失，已建立了良好的建立。伐木可能是森林砍伐的触发因素，但农业是其最大的驱动力。小型农民将木材切成燃料和农作物的清晰空间；机械化的工业农业和大规模牧场，清晰的区域。工业农业增加了粮食生产并减少了当地粮食短缺。但是，由于这些大规模的运营需要使用昂贵的技术和农业投入，因此工业农业的扩大也将贫穷的农村农民从他们的土地上移到了城市，进入了移民的全球流动。农业，森林砍伐，城市化和移民的这种融合会改变当地环境，破坏当地政治的稳定，并影响包括美国在内的移民接收国家。 这些过程在全球范围内有充分的文献记录，但是在一开始就引发这些影响的本地级别的微处理知之甚少。机械化的农业如何延伸到森林地区？小农如何失去对土地的控制？为什么这么多最终要去城市地区？这些是该奖项资助的研究的问题。该研究将由亚利桑那大学人类学博士学位学生Cari Tusing在高级人类学家Linda B. Green博士的监督下进行。由于这些过程已经发生在美国现在的工业农业的美国，因此Tusing将前往巴拉圭，那里的工业大豆农业现在刚刚进入森林地区，大大改变了景观，并使巴拉圭成为世界上最高的森林砍伐率。研究人员将集中在巴拉圭 - 巴西边境周围地区的数据收集，巴西人正越过巴拉圭在巴拉圭开发大规模农业和牧场的土地，在巴拉圭小规模的农民和瓜拉拉尼美洲印第安人的瓜拉拉尼·阿米林尼亚人从事农业养分和生存农业。研究人员将收集有关土地名称的数据；阶级，种族和民族身份；以及对农业与森林砍伐之间关系的文化理解。在一个多相项目的这一阶段，研究人员将专注于巴西（也称为Brasiguayo）农民，以记录其农业实践，用于获得土地的战略以及社会和经济网络。数据将采用多种社会科学方法收集，包括参与者观察，访谈和农场横切步行。已经收集了有关小型农民和瓜拉尼美洲印第安人的可比数据。累积地，这三个数据集将对最近的土地利用变化的性质及其对农业生产，森林砍伐，当地生计和农村到城市迁移的影响产生完全圆形的描述。