Collaborative Research: The evolution of bioluminescence and light detection in deep-sea shrimp (Oplophoridae and Sergestidae)

合作研究：深海虾（Oplophoridae 和 Sergestidae）生物发光和光检测的进化

• 批准号: 1556059
• 负责人: Heather Bracken-Grissom
• 金额: $ 38.9万
• 依托单位: Florida International University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-03-01 至 2021-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1556059&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; evolution; bioluminescence; light

Bioluminescence, which is rare on land, is extremely common in the deep sea, being found in 80% of the animals living between 200 and 1000 meters depth. These animals rely on bioluminescence for communication, feeding, and/or defense; so, the generation and detection of light is essential to their survival. Our present knowledge of this phenomenon has been limited due to the difficulty in collecting live deep-sea animals, and the lack of proper techniques needed to study this complex system. However, new genomic techniques are now available, and a team with extensive experience in deep-sea biology, vision, and genomics has been assembled to lead this project. This project will study three questions 1) What are the evolutionary patterns of different types of bioluminescence in deep-sea shrimp? 2) How are deep-sea organisms' eyes adapted to detect bioluminescence? 3) Can bioluminescent organs (called photophores) detect light in addition to emitting light? Findings from this study will provide valuable insight into a complex system vital to communication, defense, camouflage, and species recognition. This study will bring contributions to the fields of deep sea and evolutionary biology, and immediately improve our understanding of bioluminescence and light detection in the marine environment. In addition to scientific advancement, this project will reach kindergarten through college aged students through the development and dissemination of educational tools, a series of molecular and organismal-based workshops, museum exhibits, public seminars, and biodiversity initiatives. This project combines phylogenomic, physiological, and molecular studies to test several hypotheses addressing the evolution of bioluminescence and light detection in a remarkable family of deep-sea shrimp. All shrimp within the family Oplophoridae use a luminescent secretion discharged from the mouth to deter predators, while only some possess a second mechanism of bioluminescence in the form of photophores. Photophores are light-emitting organs found across the body that are thought to function in counterillumination and mate attraction. These different types of bioluminescence emit light at slightly different wavelengths and spectral bandwidths. Past studies have shown shrimp with both the secretion and photophores possess unique visual systems to distinguish between these different bioluminescence types. However, an in-depth characterization, which combines genomic, molecular, and physiological methods, has never been applied to investigate this system. In addition, how animals with photophores can so precisely match the downwelling irradiance has remained a long-standing mystery. New preliminary evidence suggests that the photophores contain photopigment proteins (opsins) and other phototransduction genes that allow for light detection. This is the first indication that autogenic light organs may also have light detection capabilities. This raises the exciting possibility that some shrimp can "see" from structures other than their eyes and might provide a mechanism for their unique counterillumination abilities. The first objective is to use phylogenomic methods to build a robust phylogeny to trace the evolutionary origins of the two bioluminescence modes (secretion and photophore) within oplophorid shrimp. Secondly, this project will characterize the visual systems of deep-sea shrimp to better understand how shrimp distinguish between different wavelengths of emitted bioluminescence. Lastly, integrative methods will be used to examine photosensitivity in several non-bacterial (autogenic) light organs - the photophore and organs of Pesta (light organ of Sergestidae).

生物发光在陆地上很少见，在深海中非常普遍，在80％的生活在200至1000米之间的动物中。 这些动物依靠生物发光来进行交流，喂养和/或防御；因此，光的产生和检测对于它们的生存至关重要。 由于难以收集活深海动物以及研究这种复杂系统所需的适当技术，我们目前对这一现象的了解受到限制。 但是，现在可以使用新的基因组技术，并且在深海生物学，视力和基因组学方面拥有丰富经验的团队已组装以领导该项目。该项目将研究三个问题1）深海虾中不同类型的生物发光的进化模式是什么？ 2）如何适应深海生物的眼睛来检测生物发光？ 3）生物发光器官（称为光子体）除发光外还可以检测光吗？ 这项研究的结果将为对沟通，防御，伪装和物种识别至关重要的复杂系统提供宝贵的见解。 这项研究将为深海和进化生物学的领域带来贡献，并立即提高我们对海洋环境中生物发光和光检测的理解。 除了科学进步外，该项目还将通过开发和传播教育工具，一系列基于分子和有机体的研讨会，博物馆展览，公共研讨会和生物多样性计划，通过大学老年学生来培养幼儿园。 该项目结合了系统基础，生理和分子研究，以检验几种假设，以解决一个非凡的深海虾家族中生物发光和光检测的演变。 家族中的所有虾都使用从口腔到阻止捕食者排放的发光分泌物，而只有一些以摄影形式具有第二种生物发光机制。 摄影是在体内发现的发光器官，被认为在反灌溉和伴侣吸引力中起作用。这些不同类型的生物发光在略有不同的波长和光谱带宽处发出光。 过去的研究表明，分泌物和光子体都具有独特的视觉系统，以区分这些不同的生物发光类型。 但是，结合了基因组，分子和生理方法的深入特征从未应用于研究该系统。 此外，具有摄影作品的动物如何如此精确地与下降的辐照度相匹配，这仍然是一个长期存在的谜团。 新的初步证据表明，光子体包含光子蛋白（OPSINS）和其他允许光检测的光转传基因。 这是第一个迹象表明，自动源性器官也可能具有光检测功能。 这增加了一些虾可以从眼睛以外的结构中“看到”的令人兴奋的可能性，并可能为其独特的反灌溉能力提供一种机制。 第一个目的是使用系统基因方法来构建强大的系统发育，以追踪Oplophophorid Shrimp中两种生物发光模式（分泌和摄影）的进化起源。 其次，该项目将表征深海虾的视觉系统，以更好地了解虾如何区分发射的生物发光的不同波长。最后，将使用综合方法来检查几种非细菌（自生源）轻器官的光敏性 - PESTA（Sergestidae的光器官）的光体和器官。