Doctoral Dissertation Research: Cross-cultural Models of Domestic Violence, Care, and the Family in Urban Settings

博士论文研究：城市环境中家庭暴力、护理和家庭的跨文化模式

• 批准号: 1526925
• 负责人: Tanya Luhrmann
• 金额: $ 2.29万
• 依托单位: Stanford University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-07-01 至 2017-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1526925&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Cross; cultural

Domestic violence is a pervasive problem across the globe, producing physical, emotional, and psychological harm. The majority of the time this violence is perpetrated by men upon the women who are their spouses, domestic partners, or girlfriends, although we know from growing research that domestic violence also occurs within same-sex couples and other non-traditional family arrangements. When domestic violence first came to prominence in the United States, the focus was on helping and encouraging women to leave abusive relationships. However, we now recognize that leaving or staying are not the only two options for dealing with abuse. Family dynamics and social networks are more complex and flexible than this dichotomy suggests. Yet healthcare systems and other systems of social support persist in not finding the best ways to identify abuse and to assist women who do not wish to leave abusive relationships. In the United States, the problem is particularly acute for minority, immigrant, and refugee women whose ideas of family may not fit those of the mainstream. Therefore, research is needed on how cultural and social factors, such as the role of the extended family and expectations of spousal relationships, shape experiences of domestic violence so that the micro-processes involved can be understood theoretically and social support services and healthcare systems can respond effectively. Stanford University doctoral student Amrapali Maitra, under the supervision of Dr. Tanya Luhrmann, will undertake such research in the Indian city of Kolkata. She has chosen this as a research site because India has both high rates of domestic violence and clear cultural and social differentiations between those who are the receivers of assistance and those who seek to give assistance. In 2004-2005, the National Health and Family Survey found that about 40 percent of women across India experienced some form domestic violence. Domestic violence has been repeatedly shown to cut across lines of caste and class, but the stereotypical picture is that it is a problem of the poor. So the researcher will investigate what domestic violence means to the urban poor and to the middle class employees and social service providers who control the resources to assist them. The project will focus on two slum neighborhoods in Kolkata and the institutions of social support that exist in the surrounding areas. The investigator will assess three key areas: how men and women in Kolkata define domestic violence; how those definitions differ from how it is defined in the West, including the United States; how the medicalization of domestic violence in urban healthcare clinics and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) affects definitions and perceptions of violence; and how interactions between "victims" and institutional employees shape understandings of family, gender, and violence on both sides. She will conduct surveys in both neighborhoods to understand typical domestic arrangements, interactions and expectations between spouses, and the role of extended kin. She will also collect data through participant observation in clinics and other sites where women seek services for domestic violence, to understand where women draw the line between routine forms of violence and instances that require institutional help. Findings from this research will illuminate experiences of domestic violence in a place of both intense poverty and great resilience, and more broadly will illuminate how cultural ideas of family, kinship, and physical intimacy shape how different people think about domestic violence and how they aspire to resolve these moments of conflict and care for one another. These findings will be of use to those charged with creating effective policies and programs for dealing with domestic violence wherever it occurs, and to social scientists seeking to understand the changing but varied nature of the contemporary family in the world today.

家庭暴力是全球普遍存在的问题，造成身体、情感和心理伤害。尽管我们从越来越多的研究中了解到，家庭暴力也发生在同性伴侣和其他非传统家庭安排中，但大多数情况下，这种暴力是男性对其配偶、家庭伴侣或女友实施的。当家庭暴力首次在美国引起关注时，重点是帮助和鼓励妇女摆脱虐待关系。 然而，我们现在认识到，离开或留下并不是处理虐待问题的唯一两种选择。家庭动态和社交网络比这种二分法所暗示的更加复杂和灵活。然而，医疗保健系统和其他社会支持系统仍然没有找到识别虐待和帮助不想离开虐待关系的妇女的最佳方法。在美国，这个问题对于少数族裔、移民和难民妇女来说尤其严重，她们的家庭观念可能与主流观念不符。因此，需要研究文化和社会因素（例如大家庭的作用和对配偶关系的期望）如何影响家庭暴力的经历，以便从理论上理解所涉及的微观过程，并可以从理论上理解社会支持服务和医疗保健系统。有效应对。斯坦福大学博士生 Amrapali Maitra 在 Tanya Luhrmann 博士的指导下，将在印度加尔各答市进行此类研究。她之所以选择这里作为研究地点，是因为印度的家庭暴力发生率很高，而且援助接受者和寻求援助者之间存在明显的文化和社会差异。 2004年至2005年，全国健康和家庭调查发现，印度约40%的妇女遭受过某种形式的家庭暴力。家庭暴力一再被证明是跨越种姓和阶级界限的，但人们的刻板印象是，这是穷人的问题。因此，研究人员将调查家庭暴力对城市贫民、中产阶级雇员以及控制资源来帮助他们的社会服务提供者意味着什么。该项目将重点关注加尔各答的两个贫民窟社区以及周边地区存在的社会支持机构。 调查员将评估三个关键领域：加尔各答的男性和女性如何定义家庭暴力；这些定义与西方（包括美国）的定义有何不同；城市医疗诊所和非政府组织 (NGO) 中家庭暴力的医疗化如何影响暴力的定义和看法；以及“受害者”和机构雇员之间的互动如何塑造双方对家庭、性别和暴力的理解。她将在两个社区进行调查，以了解典型的家庭安排、配偶之间的互动和期望，以及远亲的角色。她还将通过在妇女寻求家庭暴力服务的诊所和其他场所进行参与观察来收集数据，以了解妇女在日常暴力形式和需要机构帮助的情况之间划清界限。这项研究的结果将阐明在极度贫困和恢复力极强的地方的家庭暴力经历，更广泛地阐明家庭、亲属关系和身体亲密关系的文化观念如何影响不同的人对家庭暴力的看法以及他们如何渴望家庭暴力。解决这些冲突时刻并互相关心。这些发现将有助于那些负责制定有效政策和计划来处理家庭暴力（无论家庭暴力发生在何处）的人，以及寻求了解当今世界当代家庭不断变化但多样化的性质的社会科学家。