Collaborative Research: An Experimental Investigation of Reactive Melt Channelization in Partially Molten Rocks

合作研究：部分熔融岩石中反应熔体通道化的实验研究

• 批准号: 1459664
• 负责人: Benjamin Holtzman
• 金额: $ 9.72万
• 依托单位: Columbia University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-08-15 至 2019-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1459664&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Experimental; Investigation; Reactive

Melting occurs beneath the plate tectonic boundary zones as well as volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii and Iceland. The physical and chemical interactions between the migrating melt and the surrounding rock determine how planets evolve over time. However, the means by which melt formed deep in the Earth migrates upward to the surface to either erupt or cool slowly in a crustal magma chamber are not well understood. Geologists want to know how bulk planetary composition evolves to produce crustal rocks that have fundamentally different mineralogy than the underlying mantle rock. Such information underpins knowledge about the extent of chemical exchange between the Earth's interior and surface. This study will feature an early career scientist working with established experts to implement new laboratory techniques that, for the first, should produce results that can be related to the inaccessible natural system. As the experimental procedures are honed, new undergraduate lab exercises will be developed. They will employ glass beads and salt and introduce students to techniques that make is possible to investigate complex processes where there are feedbacks between the physics and chemistry of the system.Melt extraction affects much of the chemical exchange between mantle, crust and the atmosphere. Geochemical, geophysical and geological evidence suggests that, at some stage of melt extraction, melt must segregate into high permeability channels. These channels must be isolated enough to preserve chemical disequilibrium and permeable enough to allow fast melt extraction in order to preserve radiogenic disequilibrium. In nature, melt segregation is inferred to occur due to an interplay between reaction and deformation. Experimental investigations provide key insights into the processes occurring during melt migration and motivate further theoretical developments. A recently developed experimental methodology has reproduced the reaction infiltration instability. Since the gradient in pore pressure can be controlled in these experiments, it is possible to independently control melt velocity and melt-solid reactivity. Thus, the evolution of permeability with time can be explored as the reaction modifies the rock microstructure, the increase in melt flux due to channelization can be quantified, and melt migration regimes can be documented as a function of physical and chemical driving forces. A first set of experiments will be conducted on dual composition samples of olivine with clinopyroxene, and with orthopyroxene at high temperature and pressure. A second set will combine olivine with both pyroxenes in a single sample. This study will also develop new methods for analyzing the resulting microstructures and test/refine parameters that allow for scaling of laboratory data to natural environments.

融化发生在板块构造边界区域以及夏威夷和冰岛等火山热点下方。迁移熔体与周围岩石之间的物理和化学相互作用决定了行星如何随时间演化。然而，地球深处形成的熔体向上迁移到地表并在地壳岩浆室中喷发或缓慢冷却的方式尚不清楚。地质学家想知道行星的整体成分如何演化，从而产生与底层地幔岩石具有根本不同矿物学特征的地壳岩石。这些信息支撑了有关地球内部和表面之间化学交换程度的知识。这项研究将由一位早期职业科学家与知名专家合作实施新的实验室技术，这些技术首先应该产生与难以接近的自然系统相关的结果。随着实验程序的完善，将开发新的本科生实验室练习。他们将使用玻璃珠和盐，并向学生介绍能够研究系统物理和化学之间存在反馈的复杂过程的技术。熔体萃取影响地幔、地壳和大气之间的大部分化学交换。地球化学、地球物理和地质证据表明，在熔体提取的某个阶段，熔体必须偏析到高渗透性通道中。这些通道必须足够隔离以保持化学不平衡，并且具有足够的渗透性以允许快速熔化提取，以保持放射源不平衡。在自然界中，熔体偏析被认为是由于反应和变形之间的相互作用而发生的。实验研究为熔体迁移过程中发生的过程提供了重要的见解，并推动了进一步的理论发展。最近开发的实验方法再现了反应渗透的不稳定性。由于在这些实验中可以控制孔隙压力的梯度，因此可以独立控制熔体速度和熔体-固体反应性。因此，随着反应改变岩石微观结构，可以探索渗透率随时间的演变，可以量化由于通道化导致的熔体通量的增加，并且可以将熔体迁移状态记录为物理和化学驱动力的函数。第一组实验将在高温高压下对橄榄石与单斜辉石以及斜方辉石的双成分样品进行。第二组将橄榄石与两种辉石结合在一个样品中。这项研究还将开发新的方法来分析所得的微观结构和测试/细化参数，从而将实验室数据扩展到自然环境。