Linguistic and ethnographic sound recordings from early twentieth-century California: Optical scanning, digitization, and access

二十世纪初加利福尼亚的语言和民族志录音：光学扫描、数字化和访问

• 批准号: 1500779
• 负责人: Andrew Garrett
• 金额: $ 20万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-06-01 至 2018-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1500779&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Linguistic; ethnographic; sound; recordings; early

California has over 90 indigenous languages belonging to 21 different language families, and is linguistically more diverse than any area of its size in the western hemisphere. A hundred years ago, almost all California Native languages still had speakers; in most cases there were active speech communities using traditional narrative, oratory, ritual, teaching, and other speech practices in addition to rich song cultures. During the early decades of the twentieth century, beginning in 1901, Native people recorded songs and spoken texts on wax cylinders in collaboration with anthropologists and linguists at the University of California, Berkeley. The resulting collection of 2,713 cylinders contains over 100 hours of recordings in 78 languages, including about half of California's Native languages. For seven languages these are the only known sound recordings, and in many other cases they include unique speech practices and otherwise unknown stories and songs. Today, though fewer than half of California's indigenous languages have any first-language speakers (in almost all cases fewer than half a dozen), many Native communities have active language restoration programs and would welcome access to sound recordings made a century ago.This project will apply new technology developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to create audio transfers of all wax cylinders at UC Berkeley. This involves optical restoration using a precision optical probe that creates a high-resolution profile of the cylinder surface; this profile can be formed into a three-dimensional digital image. An algorithm on a computer then processes the image to calculate the stylus motion and numerically extract the audio signal. The resulting audio transfers are superior to those produced invasively (with a physical stylus), and can even be created from broken cylinders. The entire cylinder collection will be scanned and digitally archived within a three-year window, in a collaboration involving the Hearst Museum of Anthropology (where the wax cylinder collection is housed), the University Library (where the scanning and digitization will be done), and the Department of Linguistics (which operates the California Language Archive, an online resource where the resulting audio files will be archived and accessible).

加利福尼亚州拥有90多种属于21种不同语言家族的土著语言，并且在语言上比西半球的任何区域都更加多样化。一百年前，几乎所有加利福尼亚州的母语仍然有说话者。在大多数情况下，除了丰富的歌曲文化外，还使用传统的叙事，演讲，仪式，教学和其他语音实践。从1901年开始的20世纪初期，土著人与加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的人类学家和语言学家合作，录制了有关蜡缸的歌曲和文字。由此产生的2,713个圆柱体包含78种语言的100个小时的录音，其中包括加利福尼亚州的一半母语。对于七种语言，这是唯一已知的声音录音，在许多其他情况下，它们包括独特的语音实践以及其他未知的故事和歌曲。如今，尽管不到加利福尼亚的土著语言中的一半不到一半的人（在几乎所有情况下，少于六打），但许多本地社区都具有活跃的语言恢复计划，并欢迎使用一个世纪前进行的声音录音。这项项目将在Lawrence Berkeley berkeley National Laboratory创建所有录音机传输的新技术。这涉及使用精确的光学探针的光学恢复，该光学探针可创建圆柱体表面的高分辨率曲线；该配置文件可以形成三维数字图像。然后，计算机上的算法处理图像以计算手写笔运动并数值提取音频信号。由此产生的音频传输优于浸润性的音频传输（带有物理手写笔），甚至可以通过破损的圆柱体产生。 整个圆柱体集合将在一个三年的窗口内进行扫描和数字存档，其中包括涉及人类学博物馆（蜡缸收集的地方），大学图书馆（将进行扫描和数字化的地方），以及语言学部（该部门，在线资源都可以在线资源，在线资源，将在线资源和供您访问。