Doctoral Dissertation Research: The Phonology and Morphology of Karuk

博士论文研究：卡鲁克语的音韵学和形态学

• 批准号: 1349075
• 负责人: Andrew Garrett
• 金额: $ 1.51万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-02-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1349075&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Phonology; Morphology

Karuk is a highly endangered Native American language of Northern California, spoken as a first language by fewer than a dozen elders. Karuk is characterized by an extraordinarily complex system of morphophonological alternations, that is, changes in a word's sounds with the addition of prefixes or suffixes, akin to the consonant change in 'leaf'~'leaves', and the stress shift in 'democrat'~'democracy', in English. The Karuk system is rife with exceptions and unusual rules of vowel and consonant lengthening and shortening, rightward and leftward accent shift, and consonant changes. This complexity raises the question of what organizing principles underlie word formation, in particular, what determines the placement of prosodic prominence (accent, stress, or high pitch) in words, and how integrated are the sets of rules for assembling words from their component parts and those for the pronunciation of those parts. Prior linguistic scholarship has described many of these alternations in Karuk, but a unifying analysis, which takes into account the theoretical and technological advances of linguistics in the past half-century, has yet to be undertaken. This project addresses these questions by collecting linguistic data on possible affix combinations and their effects on accentuation and other sound changes in words, with the aim of a comprehensive analysis of the disparate patterns. Ms. Sandy will collect data in Northern California from the remaining first-language speakers of Karuk using elicitation, translation tasks, and free narratives, making high-quality audio recordings of sessions which will form the basis for her analysis. This project will provide empirical data to bear on current theories about the range of morphology-phonology interactions possible in human languages. It will also benefit from collaboration with heritage language teachers and learners by providing linguistic data and training in linguistic methodology for the heritage community, as well as training in language revitalization and pedagogy for a linguistics graduate student.

卡鲁克（Karuk）是北加州的一种极度濒危的美国原住民语言，用不到十几位长辈说的是一种母语。 Karuk的特征是形态学上的异常复杂系统，即，随着前缀或后缀的添加，单词的声音变化，类似于“叶子”〜“叶子”的辅音变化，而“民主党”〜“民主”的压力改变了英语。卡鲁克系统充满了元音的例外和异常规则，辅音延长和缩短，右和向左的口音转移以及辅音变化。这种复杂性提出了一个问题，即哪些组织原理是基于单词形成的基础，尤其是什么决定了韵律突出性的位置（口音，压力或高音调），以及在单词中的整合是从其组成部分组装单词的一组规则集合集合的集合，而这些零件的零件是这些部分的发音。先前的语言学奖学金在Karuk中描述了许多此类替代方案，但是统一的分析考虑了过去半个世纪的语言学的理论和技术进步，尚未进行。该项目通过收集有关可能词缀组合的语言数据及其对言语的重音和其他声音变化的影响来解决这些问题，以对不同模式进行全面分析。桑迪女士将使用启发，翻译任务和自由叙事从剩下的Karuk的剩余第一语言演讲者那里收集数据，从而制作会议的高质量录音，这将构成她分析的基础。该项目将提供经验数据，以了解有关人类语言中可能的形态表达相互作用范围的当前理论。它还将通过为遗产社区提供语言数据和语言学方法培训，以及语言振兴和语言学研究生的语言培训，从而受益于与传统语言教师和学习者的合作。