Collaborative Research: Bidirectional Effects Between Parental Work-Family Conflict and Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment

合作研究：父母工作家庭冲突与青少年心理社会调整之间的双向影响

• 批准号: 1461394
• 负责人: Christine Ohannessian
• 金额: $ 21.31万
• 依托单位: Connecticut Children's Medical Center
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-12-01 至 2021-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1461394&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Bidirectional; Effects; Between

Parents of adolescents often feel like it is hard to carry out their obligations at work, while at the same time attending to matters at home. As a result of this work-family conflict, a parent may experience low morale at work, stress, and depression, all of which have profound effects on their work engagement and productivity. Such tension between work and family may potentially impact the home environment as well, including negative effects on how adolescent children in the family think, feel, and behave. However, we know little about these effects, and also whether a negative home environment may have similarly negative effects on parents at work. Our project seeks to study work-family conflict and its effects on the home environment (and vice versa) using controlled laboratory methods, and methods that allow for the study of these factors in "real-life" outside of the laboratory. By understanding the ways in which work-family conflict and the home environment influence each other, we may gain a better understanding of how to improve functioning in both work and home domain, and thus increase parents' work engagement and productivity. Many employees in the U.S. experience high demands to fulfill obligations both at work and at home (Galinsky et al. 2009). The incompatibility of heightened pressure from both work and home is referred to as work-family conflict (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985), high levels of which place employees at increased risk for a host of poor work and psychosocial outcomes (e.g., job dissatisfaction, turnover, depression; Allen, 2012). Moreover, to the extent that child care poses demands in the family domain (Bianchi & Milkie, 2010), the children of employees are important stakeholders in the work-family interface. Yet, the role of employees? children in absorbing the impact or being a source of work-family conflict has received scant attention. Such issues are particularly important to address in families with adolescents. Specifically, work-family conflict creates contexts in which parents have fewer resources or time to monitor their adolescents' whereabouts and activities, likely placing adolescents at high risk for poor psychosocial outcomes (Smetana, 2008). In fact, relative to younger children, adolescents are more likely to display problem behaviors (e.g., depression and substance abuse) that increase parent-adolescent conflict, which may affect parents' time and energy at work. Thus, we propose to address research questions within families who have adolescent children. Specifically, we propose two studies that test both directions of a mediation model informed by the spillover hypothesis of life stressors (Staines, 1980). Based on prior work indicating that parent-adolescent conflict evidences reciprocal relations with children's psychosocial adjustment (Burt et al., 2005), we propose that the reciprocal relations between work-family conflict and adolescent psychosocial maladjustment are mediated by parent-adolescent conflict. Further, our team members have training in not only diverse social science disciplines, but also diverse research settings. Accordingly, we propose two studies that test the model described previously in both field and laboratory settings, allowing each study's strengths to address the limitations of the other study. First, we will test both directions of the above-mentioned mediation model using daily diaries, completed by both parents and adolescents, conducted over a two-week period to measure work-family conflict, parent-adolescent conflict, parental work functioning, and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Second, we will test the same theoretical model using a laboratory design. Specifically, we will recruit family dyads with one full-time working parent and one adolescent for a laboratory study. We will randomly assign each full-time working parent and adolescent dyad to one of three levels of the independent variable: (a) task induction of parental work stress and a low-stress condition for the adolescent, (b) task induction of adolescent psychosocial stress and a low-stress condition for the parent, and (c) both parent and adolescent assigned to a low-stress condition. Next, we will administer a controlled task meant to reflect parent-adolescent conflict (i.e., mediator variable), and we will objectively assess parent and adolescent physiological flexibility (i.e., an index of emotional dysregulation) during this task. We then will administer performance-based tasks of parental work functioning and adolescent psychosocial functioning to test the impact of parent-adolescent conflict on these domains, as well as the cross-domain, indirect impacts of parental work stress and adolescent psychosocial stress. The proposed project promises to improve our basic understanding of the spillover between parents? work experiences and non-work family life.

青少年的父母常常觉得很难在工作中履行他们的义务，同时又在家工作。由于这种工作家庭冲突，父母在工作，压力和沮丧中可能会经历较低的士气，所有这些都会对他们的工作参与和生产力产生深远的影响。工作与家庭之间的这种张力也可能会影响家庭环境，包括对家庭中青春期儿童的思考，感觉和行为的负面影响。但是，我们对这些影响知之甚少，以及负面的家庭环境是否可能对工作中的父母产生同样的负面影响。我们的项目旨在使用受控的实验室方法研究工作家庭冲突及其对家庭环境（反之亦然）的影响，以及可以在实验室以外的“现实生活”中研究这些因素的方法。通过了解工作家庭冲突和家庭环境相互影响的方式，我们可以更好地了解如何改善工作和家庭领域的功能，从而提高父母的工作参与和生产力。 美国的许多员工都有很高的要求以履行工作和在家中的义务（Galinsky等，2009）。工作和家庭压力加重的不兼容被称为工作家庭冲突（Greenhaus＆Beutell，1985），高水平的高水平使员工面临着许多不良工作和社会心理结局的风险（例如，工作不满，失去工作，失误，沮丧，沮丧； Allen，2012年）。此外，就托儿服务在家庭领域的需求而言，雇员的孩子是工作家庭界面的重要利益相关者。但是，员工的角色？吸收影响或成为工作家庭冲突来源的孩子受到了很少的关注。在有青少年的家庭中解决这些问题尤为重要。具体而言，工作家庭冲突创造了背景，在这种情况下，父母的资源或时间更少，可以监视其青少年的下落和活动，这可能使青少年对不良的社会心理成果的风险很高（Smetana，2008年）。实际上，相对于年幼的孩子，青少年更有可能表现出问题行为（例如抑郁症和滥用毒品），这些行为会增加父母 - 青春期冲突，这可能会影响父母在工作中的时间和精力。因此，我们建议解决有青春期儿童的家庭中的研究问题。具体而言，我们提出了两项​​研究，这些研究测试了通过生命压力源的溢出假设所告知的调解模型的两个方向（Staines，1980）。基于先前的工作，表明父母 - 青年冲突证明了与儿童的社会心理调整的相互关系（Burt等，2005），我们建议工作家庭冲突与青少年的心理社会不当之间的相互关系是由父母 - 成年冲突介导的。此外，我们的团队成员不仅接受了各种社会科学学科的培训，而且还接受了各种研究环境的培训。因此，我们提出了两项​​研究，测试了现场和实验室环境中先前描述的模型，从而使每个研究的优势能够解决其他研究的局限性。首先，我们将使用每日日记（由父母和青少年都完成，在为期两周的时间内完成上述调解模型的两个方向，以衡量工作家庭冲突，父母 - 成年冲突，父母的工作功能以及青少年的心理社会功能。其次，我们将使用实验室设计测试相同的理论模型。具体来说，我们将以一位全职工作父母和一个青少年进行实验室研究来招募家庭二元组。我们将将每个全职工作父母和青少年二元组随机分配给独立变量的三个级别之一：（a）父母工作压力的任务诱导和青少年的低压力，（b）对父母的青少年心理心理压力和低压力的任务诱导，以及为父母和青少年的低压力疾病，（c）分配给低级女性和低血压。接下来，我们将管理一项受控任务，旨在反映父母 - 青年冲突（即调解人变量），并且我们将在此任务中客观地评估父母和青少年生理灵活性（即情绪失调的索引）。然后，我们将管理基于绩效的父母工作功能和青少年的社会心理功能，以测试父母 - 青年冲突对这些领域的影响，以及父母工作压力和青少年心理社会压力的跨域，间接影响。拟议的项目有望改善我们对父母之间溢出的基本理解？工作经验和非工作家庭生活。