Collaborative Research: Impacts of Energy Extraction and Coal-Fired Power Plants on Disinfection By-Product Formation in Water

合作研究：能源提取和燃煤发电厂对水中消毒副产品形成的影响

• 批准号: 1438625
• 负责人: Susan Richardson
• 金额: $ 27万
• 依托单位: University of South Carolina at Columbia
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-02-01 至 2019-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1438625&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Impacts; Energy; Extraction

1438625Richardson, Susan D.1438326VanBriesen, JeanneCollaborative Research: Impacts of Energy Extraction and Coal-Fired Power Plants on Disinfection By-product Formation in WaterIncreased energy extraction activities, including shale gas extraction and conventional oil and gas extraction, are resulting in high releases of bromide (and potentially iodide) to U.S. surface waters. New pollution controls being installed at coal-fired power plants are also resulting in high releases of bromide ion. These activities are presenting new issues for human and ecological health because when these high-bromide/iodide waters are chlorinated (a disinfection processes used in water treatment), they can result in the formation of highly toxic disinfection by-products, several of which may have adverse human health effects. The proposed interdisciplinary research would comprehensively characterize and quantify brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products formed in source waters impacted by energy extraction and coal-fired power plant releases, determine potential human and ecological health risks, and use modeling to establish and quantify the linkage between impacted source waters and human exposures, and estimate maximum loadings of bromide and iodide that will minimize human risks. While it is known that high levels of bromide and iodide can contribute to the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs in chlorinated drinking water, even "conventional" disinfection by-products formed by reaction of chlorine with bromide, iodide, and natural organic matter (NOM) are not fully characterized, such that 50 % of the halogenated disinfection by-products remains unknown. This situation is even more complex when considering the possibility of additional chemicals used in energy extraction/utilization processes that are often unknown (particularly for hydraulic fracturing). No longer are the disinfection by-product precursors only from natural organic matter, and low levels of contaminants in domestic wastewater, but there are now additional precursors from these new energy extraction/utilization releases, which are largely uncharacterized. This is already resulting in significantly different exposures to both humans and aquatic organisms. Understanding the formation of these brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products and their potential human and ecological risks could ultimately inform decisions regarding control of bromide and iodide releases and what levels would be deemed safe.

1438625Richardson, Susan D.1438326VanBriesen, Jeanne 合作研究：能源开采和燃煤发电厂对水中消毒副产品形成的影响能源开采活动的增加，包括页岩气开采和常规石油和天然气开采，导致溴化物大量释放（以及潜在的碘化物）进入美国地表水。燃煤电厂安装的新污染控制装置也导致溴离子的大量释放。这些活动给人类和生态健康带来了新的问题，因为当这些高溴化物/碘化物水被氯化（水处理中使用的消毒过程）时，可能会导致形成剧毒消毒副产物，其中一些可能对人体健康产生不良影响。拟议的跨学科研究将全面表征和量化受能源开采和燃煤电厂排放影响的水源水中形成的溴化和碘化消毒副产物，确定潜在的人类和生态健康风险，并使用模型建立和量化之间的联系受影响的水源水和人类接触，并估计溴化物和碘化物的最大负荷，以最大限度地减少人类风险。虽然众所周知，高浓度的溴化物和碘化物会导致氯化饮用水中形成溴化和碘化 DBP，甚至氯与溴化物、碘化物和天然有机物反应形成的“传统”消毒副产物 (NOM ）尚未完全表征，因此 50% 的卤化消毒副产物仍然未知。当考虑到在能量提取/利用过程中使用通常未知的额外化学品（特别是水力压裂）的可能性时，这种情况甚至更加复杂。消毒副产品前体不再仅来自天然有机物和生活废水中的低水平污染物，而且现在还存在来自这些新能源提取/利用释放的其他前体，这些前体在很大程度上是未知的。这已经导致人类和水生生物的暴露程度显着不同。了解这些溴化和碘化消毒副产物的形成及其潜在的人类和生态风险，最终可以为有关控制溴化物和碘化物释放以及什么水平被视为安全的决策提供信息。