Collaborative Research: Ecoclimate Teleconnections between Amazonia and Temperate North America: Cross-Region Feedbacks among Tree Mortality, Land Use Change, and the Atmosphere

合作研究：亚马逊流域和北美温带之间的生态气候遥相关：树木死亡率、土地利用变化和大气之间的跨区域反馈

• 批准号: 1340649
• 负责人: Abigail Swann
• 金额: $ 22.77万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-04-01 至 2018-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1340649&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Ecoclimate; Teleconnections; between

Many recent cases of large scale tree death over the earth have raised concerns that warming temperatures may alone, or when combined with droughts and natural enemies like bark beetles, be reducing or degrading forests as never before. The area of forests is also being greatly reduced in the Amazon basin by deforestation. Because trees play such an important role in regulating the climate near the ground, losing trees to massive die offs or deforestation also means changes in that microclimate. With enough tree die off and large enough reductions in the area forested, the effects of tree loss on microclimates may add together and begin to affect the climate at much larger scales (or macro-climate). Recent results from computer models that link climate and forest cover have shown that a large increase in the area of forests in North America actually led to locally warmer conditions and also caused three global scale climate effects: it increased the amount of energy exchanged between the northern and southern hemispheres, it shifted the band of tropical rainfall (known as the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone), and it increased drought in the Amazon basin of South America. This raises the concern that decreases in the area forested, which could be caused by either die off or deforestation, could also have important effects both globally as well as locally. In particular, this could link the fates of forests in North America and South America through a so-called climate teleconnection. To address this, this project will use a model that predicts how forests respond to climate to evaluate the effects of large scale decreases in forest area from die off and deforestation in North and South America. To do this, measurements related to how decreases in forested area affects the microclimate near the ground will be made at a series of field sites in both regions. This project will provide important information about how decreases in forest area in one hemisphere could affect climate conditions not only locally but also in the other hemisphere. To find and explore the boundaries of the potential range of responses that could occur in the future, the assessment will evaluate extreme conditions where all forests are removed and then the consequences of actual recent decreases in forested area. The project will also provide key information on which factors in the models are the most important to accurately measure in order to improve predictions. Because scientists are uncertain about what conditions massive trigger tree die offs, the project will also provide important information about the reasons for tree death and the expected in climate that might result. Overall, the project will provide science results that can aide in developing policy. It will also build a strong collaboration between U.S. and Brazilian scientists. Finally, the project will train postdoctoral scholars and inform the public and teachers through use of the Biosphere 2 facility in Tucson, where more than 100,000 members of the public visit each year.

许多最近在地球上大规模树死亡的案例引起了人们的担忧，即可能单独使用温暖的温度，或者与干旱和天然敌人（如树皮甲虫）结合在一起，会减少或降解森林。 亚马逊盆地的森林地区也大大减少了森林砍伐。 由于树木在调节地面附近的气候中起着如此重要的作用，因此损失树木以大量的死亡或森林砍伐也意味着该微气候的变化。 由于森林森林的足够大的树木死亡并大量减少，因此树木流失对微气候的影响可能会加在一起，并开始在更大的尺度（或宏观气候）下影响气候。 连接气候和森林覆盖的计算机模型的最新结果表明，北美森林地区的大幅增长实际上导致了局部温暖的条件，还引起了三种全球气候的影响：它增加了北半球和南半球之间交换的能量量，它改变了热带降雨的带（已知是跨越跨越的山区底座），以及在Amazy in and Amazy ins Amazy ins Amazy basin ins Amazy ins Amazy basin中。 这引起了人们的关注，即森林地区减少的森林（可能是由死亡或森林砍伐引起的）也可能在全球范围内以及本地都产生重要影响。特别是，这可以通过所谓的气候远程连接来联系北美和南美森林的命运。为了解决这个问题，该项目将使用一个模型，该模型可以预测森林对气候的反应，以评估森林地区的大规模降低，而森林地区的降落和北美地区的森林砍伐。为此，将在两个区域的一系列野外地点进行与地面附近的微气候相关的测量结果。 该项目将提供有关一个半球森林面积下降的重要信息，这不仅会影响当地的气候条件，而且会影响另一个半球的气候条件。 为了找到并探索将来可能发生的潜在反应范围的边界，评估将评估所有森林被去除的极端条件，然后评估森林地区实际下降的后果。 该项目还将提供关键信息，涉及哪些模型中最重要的衡量因素，以改善预测。 由于科学家不确定哪种条件大规模触发树死亡，因此该项目还将提供有关树死亡原因以及可能导致气候的预期的重要信息。 总体而言，该项目将提供可以帮助制定政策的科学结果。 它还将在美国和巴西科学家之间建立强有力的合作。 最后，该项目将培训博士后学者，并通过使用图森的Biosphere 2设施通知公众和教师，每年有100,000多名公众访问。