Paths to Bronze Age Complexity: Monitoring the Rise of Pecica "Santul Mare"

通往青铜时代复杂性的道路：监测佩西卡“Santul Mare”的崛起

• 批准号: 1264315
• 负责人: John O'Shea
• 金额: $ 37.79万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-03-01 至 2018-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1264315&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Paths; Bronze; Age; Complexity; Monitoring

With National Science Foundation Support, Dr. John O'Shea and an international team of colleagues from the United States, Romania, Hungary, and Italy will renew archaeological excavations at the site of Pecica "ªanþul Mare" in southwestern Romania. The great tell of Pecica "ªanþul Mare" is among the most important Bronze Age sites in Europe, and was a major center for the production and trade of bronze tools, ornaments and weapons. Previous National Science Foundation supported research has shown that Pecica was a complex polity with centralized public architecture, craft specialists, and segregated social strata. The research also demonstrated that Pecica was deeply involved in the spread of domestic horses, and possibly also chariots, into Europe. While this prior work presented a picture of Pecica at its peak, and of its rapid collapse, the present research effort is concerned with understanding how Pecica rose to prominence. The remaining archaeological layers at Pecica hold a unique record of the internal and external factors which brought the Pecica society into existence. The excavations will provide a detailed view of the emergence of Pecica as a major regional center and clarify the context of this development, both among the contemporary local communities and within the larger regional networks of the European Bronze Age. The research will contribute to our understanding of how social inequality and complexity develop, and highlight a form of societal organization that is central to cultural developments in the European Bronze Age but which may differ from the complex chiefdom type organization seen in other parts of the World. The excavation will generate important new information relating to the development and organization of metallurgy and craft production, and provide critical evidence relating to the Bronze Age subsistence and productive economies, and particularly to the transformative spread of the domestic horse and associated transport technologies into Europe. Finally, the excavations will provide a complete record of not only the material culture of this important EU Cultural Heritage site, but also of the Bronze Age climate and environment, and particularly the cultural impacts of Pecica's development on the local and regional environment that may be linked to significant environmental deteriorations at the end of the Middle Bronze Age.Apart from understanding the settlement of Pecica, itself, the research promises a number of broader benefits. The work at Pecica will contribute to the larger research effort in the Carpathian Basin Bronze Age. Concurrent research projects in Hungary, Romania, and Serbia are combining to provide a macro-regional dataset for archaeological research that is unique in Europe and may rival places such as the Valley of Mexico or Oaxaca as a laboratory for the study of culture change. The research provides international research experience for American graduate and undergraduate students, and provides training opportunities for beginning and advanced Romanian students. The collaborative and interdisciplinary effort provides training benefits to all participants, senior and junior alike, and is supporting innovations in research design and excavation strategies within Romania. The project is also contributing to the infrastructure of archaeological research by providing improved curation and access for the archaeological collections from this important site.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，约翰·奥谢博士和来自美国、罗马尼亚、匈牙利和意大利的国际同事团队将在罗马尼亚西南部的佩西卡“ªanþul Mare”遗址重新进行考古发掘。佩西卡“ªanþul Mare”是欧洲最重要的青铜时代遗址之一，是青铜工具、装饰品和武器的生产和贸易的主要中心，此前曾获得国家科学基金会支持的研究。该研究还表明，佩西卡是一个复杂的政体，拥有集中的公共建筑、工艺专家和隔离的社会阶层。佩西卡的鼎盛时期及其迅速崩溃的景象，目前的研究工作致力于了解佩西卡如何崛起，佩西卡的剩余考古层保存了导致佩西卡的内部和外部因素的独特记录。佩西卡社会的存在将提供佩西卡作为主要区域中心的出现的详细视图，并阐明这一发展的背景，无论是在当代当地社区还是在欧洲青铜时代的更大区域网络中。将有助于我们理解社会不平等和复杂性如何发展，并强调一种对欧洲青铜时代文化发展至关重要的社会组织形式，但它可能与世界其他地区发掘的复杂酋长国类型组织不同。将产生重要的新与冶金和手工艺生产的发展和组织有关的信息，并提供与青铜时代生存和生产经济有关的关键证据，特别是与家养马匹和相关运输技术向欧洲的变革性传播有关的证据。不仅完整记录了这一重要的欧盟文化遗产地的物质文化，还完整记录了青铜时代的气候和环境，特别是佩西卡的发展对当地和区域环境的文化影响，这些影响可能与环境的严重恶化有关除了了解佩西卡的定居点本身之外，佩西卡的研究工作还将为喀尔巴阡盆地青铜时代的同步研究项目做出更大的贡献。匈牙利、罗马尼亚和塞尔维亚正在联合起来，为考古研究提供宏观区域数据集，这在欧洲是独一无二的，可以与墨西哥谷或瓦哈卡等地作为研究文化变迁的实验室相媲美。为美国研究生和本科生提供研究经验，并为初级和高级罗马尼亚学生提供培训机会。这项协作和跨学科的努力为所有参与者（无论是高年级还是低年级学生）提供了培训好处，并支持罗马尼亚境内研究设计和挖掘策略的创新。该项目还通过改进对这一重要地点的考古收藏品的管理和获取，为考古研究的基础设施做出了贡献。