Settlement pattern dynamics and the evolution of social complexity on the northern Northwest Coast

西北海岸北部聚落格局动态与社会复杂性演变

• 批准号: 1216847
• 负责人: Kenneth Ames
• 金额: $ 17.97万
• 依托单位: Portland State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-08-01 至 2015-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1216847&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Settlement; pattern; dynamics; evolution; social

With NSF support, Drs. Kenneth M. Ames, Andrew Martindale, and Kevan Edinborough will use recently perfected field and mapping methods to investigate the history of social complexity on the northern Northwest Coast (NWC) of North America. The social complexity in this region was comparable to that which scholars traditionally thought could only be achieved with agriculture; yet the people of this region were hunter-fisher-gatherers (HFG), a case study that can reveal the underlying causes of this universal aspect of human historyThis research focuses on the Coast Tsimshian and on the archaeological record of Prince Rupert Harbor (PRH), British Columbia, a major global case study for HFG complexity. At European Contact, PRH contained a dense aggregation of villages, archaeologically visible as an extraordinary concentration of massive shell middens. The harbor's 277 recorded sites includes 96 shell middens of which 61 are documented villages, 18 of which are major villages (more than 10,000 m2 ) in a area of 30 km2. Key open questions are the timing of initial occupation of the harbor; the evolution of settlement patterns including when the historic village aggregation developed; and the timing of the development of permanent inequality. The project will build a large data set of radiocarbon dates in PRH using field techniques honed over the past 20 years for investigating large shell sites in geologically complex coastal environments. A database of archaeological and paleoenvironmental radiocarbon dates for the northern NWC will also be compiled. The results will increase the precision with which organic samples from marine environments are converted to calendar dates (essential to constructing histories); test current models of the evolution of social and political complexity; build a chronology for the massive shell middens within the harbor, and date the formation of the historic village aggregation in the harbor, hence testing the adawx accounts. This work will produce the best-supported local marine radiocarbon correction on the west coast of North America improving global understanding of this issue with a well dated coastal settlement history that potentially covers the last 12,000 years; better evidence with which to date the appearance of permanent inequality on the NWC, a model of population dynamics for the northern coast based on a large, controlled sample of radiocarbon dates and a tested methodology for investigating enormous shell middens, which will be of broad archaeological interest. The active use and testing of Coast Tsimshian data will provide a tested model for incorporating oral traditions into archaeological research, addressing a major issue for Native peoples.The project builds on a long tradition of international research projects in PRH and of deep involvement of Coast Tsimshian people in such research. The project is funded by NSF and the Social Science and Research Council of Canada, drawing researchers from the United States, Canada and Great Britain. Coast Tsimshian involvement includes work in field and lab research as well as formal consultation, discussions with elders and active sharing of the results with them.

在 NSF 的支持下，博士。肯尼思·M·艾姆斯 (Kenneth M. Ames)、安德鲁·马丁代尔 (Andrew Martindale) 和凯文·爱丁堡 (Kevan Edinborough) 将使用最近完善的实地和制图方法来调查北美西北海岸 (NWC) 北部社会复杂性的历史。该地区的社会复杂性相当于学者们传统上认为只能通过农业来实现的社会复杂性；然而，该地区的人们是狩猎-渔民-采集者（HFG），这一案例研究可以揭示人类历史这一普遍方面的根本原因。这项研究重点关注钦西安海岸和鲁珀特王子港（PRH）的考古记录，不列颠哥伦比亚省，HFG 复杂性的全球重大案例研究。在欧洲接触处，公屋内有密集的村庄，从考古学上看，它们是巨大的贝冢的特别集中的地方。该港有记录的 277 个地点包括 96 个贝冢，其中 61 个有记录的村庄，其中 18 个是面积 30 平方公里的主要村庄（超过 10,000 平方米）。关键的悬而未决的问题是最初占领港口的时间；聚落模式的演变，包括历史村落聚集的发展时间；以及永久性不平等发展的时间。该项目将利用过去 20 年来在地质复杂的沿海环境中调查大型贝壳遗址所磨练的现场技术，在 PRH 建立一个大型放射性碳测年数据集。还将编制西北地区北部考古和古环境放射性碳测年数据库。研究结果将提高将海洋环境中的有机样本转换为日历日期的精度（对于构建历史至关重要）；测试当前社会和政治复杂性演变的模型；为港口内的大型贝丘建立年代表，并确定港口历史村庄聚集的形成日期，从而测试 ADawX 的账目。 这项工作将在北美西海岸产生最受支持的当地海洋放射性碳校正，通过可能涵盖过去 12,000 年的详细沿海定居历史，提高全球对这一问题的理解；迄今为止，NWC 上出现的永久性不平等现象有更好的证据，这是一个基于大量受控放射性碳测年样本的北部海岸人口动态模型，以及一种用于调查巨大贝冢的经过测试的方法，该方法将具有广泛的考古学意义。兴趣。钦西安海岸数据的积极使用和测试将为将口述传统纳入考古研究提供一个经过测试的模型，解决原住民的一个重大问题。该项目建立在公屋国际研究项目的悠久传统和钦西安海岸的深入参与之上从事此类研究的人。该项目由美国国家科学基金会和加拿大社会科学研究委员会资助，吸引了来自美国、加拿大和英国的研究人员。 Coast Tsimshian 的参与包括实地和实验室研究工作以及正式咨询、与长辈讨论以及与他们积极分享结果。