Collaborative Research: Contentious Issues in World Politics: Updating the ICOW Dataset

合作研究：世界政治中有争议的问题：更新 ICOW 数据集

• 批准号: 0960567
• 负责人: Paul Hensel
• 金额: $ 26.03万
• 依托单位: University of North Texas
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-09-01 至 2013-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0960567&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Contentious; Issues; World

This project provides for additional data collection by the Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) project, a collaborative project co-directed by Paul R. Hensel (University of North Texas) and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell (University of Iowa). The ICOW project collects information on geopolitical conflicts between two or more countries involving disputed boundaries, including conflicts over land boundaries (or islands), maritime areas, and cross-border rivers. To date, the project has coded and made public information on over 450 issue conflicts since 1816 in North, Central, and South America, Western and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. Some examples of hotly contested areas already studied by the project include the Falkland Islands, the Gulf of Fonseca, the Jordan river, and Alsace-Lorraine. Analysis of this data has already taught us a great deal about when countries are likely to resort to militarized means to resolve geopolitical issues, as well as when peaceful conflict management efforts are well positioned to succeed. The proposed project involves completion of data collection on border disputes (1816-2001), maritime disputes (1900-2001), and river disputes (1900-2001) for the remaining regions not currently covered by the ICOW project: Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The ICOW project records information on the importance of the claimed issue to each state involved, as well as all peaceful diplomatic and militarized attempts to resolve the contested issue. Peaceful attempts include bilateral talks between the disputants, as well as third party efforts to resolve the contested issue using mediation, arbitration, adjudication, etc. To date, the project has recorded information on 2005 peaceful and militarized attempts to settle issue claims in the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East. When the project is complete, we will upload case chronologies to the website, which will make it easier for policy makers to access detailed information about each historical and ongoing boundary dispute. Theoretically, this project expands our understanding of issues by using the new data to study the process by which new contentious issues arise, the process by which issues lead to long-term interstate rivalries, and the relative success of international institutions for managing and settling issues. First, the manner in which new conflicts emerge is examined. Some pairs of states, such as Honduras-Nicaragua and France-Germany, have had lots of different geopolitical issues arise throughout the course of their historical interactions, while other pairs of states avoid such conflicts altogether. One obvious predictor of these conflicts involves basic opportunities for them to occur, such as through shared land borders. Water-based disputes are also more likely to occur in areas where water is more scarce and in higher demand due to larger population and industrial needs. This project also focuses on countries? domestic institutions and participation in international organizations (such as the United Nations). Do democracies and international organization members have more similar foreign policy preferences and thus avoid geopolitical conflicts, or do they simply manage issues that arise more efficiently with peaceful tools? Initial analyses support the latter explanation, although additional data from Asia, Africa, and Oceania will ensure the generalizability of these results. Second, a new measure of rivalry based on geopolitical issues is developed. This includes pairs of countries with two or more ongoing issue conflicts or two or more militarized disputes over the same issue. These measures provide a clearer picture of the process of conflict management differs in issue rivalry and issue non-rivalry environments. Finally, the principal investigators extend their previous work on institutions and conflict management. Maritime issues, for example, can be managed by issue specific organizations like the Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) or by more general organizations like the European Union and United Nations. They examine which types of organizations are best suited to helping states reach successful and long-lasting agreements. Beyond these new research topics, the newly expanded data will also allow scholars to improve previous research on factors such as colonial legacies by introducing information about issue conflicts in regions with richer colonial histories.

该项目通过《战争问题》（ICOW）项目提供了其他数据收集，该项目由Paul R. Hensel（北德克萨斯大学）和Sara McLaughlin Mitchell（爱荷华大学）共同导演。 ICOW项目收集了有关两个或更多国家之间的地缘政治冲突的信息，这些国家涉及有争议的界限，包括对土地边界（或岛屿），海上地区和跨境河流的冲突。 迄今为止，自1816年以来，该项目已经对450多个问题冲突进行了编码并提供了公众信息，在北部，中部和南美，西欧和东欧以及中东。 该项目已经研究了一些激烈的地区的一些例子包括福克兰群岛，丰塞卡海湾，约旦河和阿尔萨斯·洛林。 对这些数据的分析已经为我们讲述了何时何时可能采取军事手段解决地缘政治问题，以及何时和平冲突管理的努力能够成功。 拟议的项目涉及完成有关边境纠纷（1816-2001），海上争端（1900-2001）和河流争端（1900-2001）的数据收集，以完成ICOW项目目前未涵盖的其余地区：非洲，亚洲和大洋洲。 ICOW项目记录了有关所要求的问题对每个国家的重要性的信息，以及所有和平外交和军事化的尝试，以解决有争议的问题。 和平的尝试包括争执者之间的双边谈判，以及第三方使用调解，仲裁，裁决等解决有争议的问题的努力。迄今为止，该项目已经记录了有关2005年和平和军事化的尝试，以解决在美洲，欧洲和中东解决问题的索赔。 完成项目完成后，我们将将案例按时间到网站上传，这将使政策制定者更容易访问有关每个历史和正在进行的边界争议的详细信息。 从理论上讲，该项目通过使用新数据来研究出现新有争议问题的过程，问题导致长期竞争的过程以及国际机构管理和解决问题的相对成功，从而扩展了我们对问题的理解。 首先，研究了新的冲突的方式。 在整个历史互动的过程中，洪都拉斯 - 尼卡拉瓜和法国 - 穆尼等一些国家都存在许多不同的地缘政治问题，而其他成对的国家完全避免了这种冲突。 这些冲突的一个明显的预测指标涉及他们发生的基本机会，例如通过共同的土地边界。 由于人口和工业需求越来越大，水基纠纷也更有可能发生在水更稀缺和更高需求的地区。 这个项目还关注国家？国内机构和国际组织（例如联合国）的参与。 民主国家和国际组织成员是否具有更类似的外交政策偏好，因此避免地缘政治冲突，还是只是管理和平工具更有效地管理的问题？ 初步分析支持后一种解释，尽管来自亚洲，非洲和大洋洲的其他数据将确保这些结果的普遍性。 其次，开发了基于地缘政治问题的新竞争量度。 这包括在同一问题上发生两个或两个或两个或两个或两个或更多军事纠纷的国家，有两个或更多的持续问题冲突。 这些措施提供了冲突管理过程的更清晰的了解，在发行竞争和发行非竞争环境方面有所不同。 最后，主要研究人员将他们以前的工作扩展到了机构和冲突管理。 例如，可以通过诸如《海洋公约法》（UNCLOS）或欧洲联盟和联合国等更普通组织等特定组织来管理海事问题。 他们检查哪种类型的组织最适合帮助各州达成成功和持久的协议。 除了这些新的研究主题外，新扩展的数据还将允许学者通过在具有较丰富殖民历史的地区引入有关问题冲突的信息来改善诸如殖民遗产等因素的研究。