Moderators of Lineup Administrator Expectancy Effects on Eyewitness Identification Accuracy

阵容管理员预期对目击者识别准确性影响的调节因素

• 批准号: 0922314
• 负责人: Margaret Bull Kovera
• 金额: $ 36.8万
• 依托单位: CUNY John Jay College of Criminal Justice
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-08-01 至 2013-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0922314&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Moderators; Lineup; Administrator; Expectancy; Effects

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009(Public Law 111-5)Evidence of interpersonal expectancy effects in behavioral research led psychologists to suggest that lineup administrators' knowledge of a suspect's identity may play a role in mistaken identifications and to recommend double-blind lineup administration. However, the eyewitness identification task contains features that may constrain the influence of interpersonal expectancies. When the suspect closely resembles the perpetrator, expectancy effects may be suppressed because witnesses will choose the suspect without benefit of administrator cues; administrator influence may operate only when the suspect is less similar to the perpetrator. Similarly, the strength of the witness's memory may limit an administrator's influence to choose the suspect. These effects may be more likely when witnesses' criteria for choosing are low such as when certain system variables (biased instructions, simultaneous lineup presentation) are present. This research manipulates the similarity of the suspect to the perpetrator, memory strength (varying retention interval and exposure time), and the witness's criterion for making a choice from the lineup in three studies that simulate an eyewitness identification (i.e., a participant witnesses an event and the subsequently attempts an identification from a photo array). Using mathematical modeling techniques, the principal investigator examines the fit of the data from these studies to predictions made by the WITNESS model of eyewitness identification decision-making. The intellectual merit of these studies focuses on testing theorized constraints of administrator expectancy effects on eyewitness accuracy. The studies could prove transformative in that they could lead to a significant refinement of the leading theory of eyewitness memory, the WITNESS model. Moreover the findings have the potential for broad impact because they could inform police, many of whom have been resisting the recommendation to administer double-blind lineups, about when it is most important to expend resources to conduct seemingly more costly procedures. They will also provide information to assist investigators, expert witnesses, judges, and juries on eyewitness reliability.

该奖项是根据 2009 年《美国复苏和再投资法案》（公法 111-5）资助的。行为研究中人际期望效应的证据使心理学家认为，排队管理员对嫌疑人身份的了解可能在错误识别中发挥作用，并建议双盲阵容管理。然而，目击者识别任务包含可能限制人际期望影响的特征。当嫌疑人与犯罪者非常相似时，预期效应可能会受到抑制，因为目击者会在没有管理员提示的情况下选择嫌疑人；仅当嫌疑人与犯罪者不太相似时，管理员的影响才可能发挥作用。同样，证人的记忆力可能会限制管理员选择嫌疑人的影响力。 当证人的选择标准较低时，例如存在某些系统变量（有偏见的指令、同时阵容呈现）时，这些影响可能更有可能发生。这项研究操纵了嫌疑人与犯罪者的相似性、记忆强度（不同的保留间隔和暴露时间）以及目击者在模拟目击者识别（即参与者目击事件）的三项研究中从阵容中做出选择的标准。随后尝试从照片阵列中进行识别）。 主要研究者使用数学建模技术检查这些研究的数据与目击者识别决策的 WITNESS 模型所做的预测的拟合度。这些研究的智力价值集中于测试管理员预期对目击者准确性影响的理论限制。这些研究可能会带来变革性的结果，因为它们可能会导致目击者记忆的主要理论——WITNESS 模型的重大改进。 此外，这些发现可能会产生广泛的影响，因为它们可以告知警方什么时候最重要的是花费资源来执行看似成本更高的程序，其中许多人一直抵制管理双盲阵容的建议。 他们还将提供信息，以协助调查人员、专家证人、法官和陪审团确定目击者的可靠性。