COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Turtles

合作研究：海龟性染色体的进化

• 批准号: 0817687
• 负责人: Scott Edwards
• 金额: $ 20.5万
• 依托单位: Harvard University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-01-01 至 2011-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0817687&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: COLLABORATIVE; RESEARCH; Evolution; Sex; Chromosomes

Sex is determined by genetic constitution (GSD) in most animals, such as by the sex chromosome pairs XX or XY in humans, or ZZ or ZW in birds. In certain other animals, however, sex is determined by environmental temperature (TSD). Among turtle species, however, examples of both types of sex determination can be found. It remains unclear, however, how and why different sex determining mechanisms exist. This collaborative project will help fill this gap by comparing the chromosomes and sex-related genes of turtles using XX/XY, ZZ/ZW, or TSD mechanisms for sex determination. Particularly, this research will test whether (1) all sex chromosomes in turtles derive from a common ancestral pair of non-sex chromosomes (or "autosomes"), and whether (2) the molecular evolution of genes located on turtle sex chromosomes differs from that of the same genes in TSD turtles, in which there are no sex chromosomes- i.e., whether the sequences of genes located on sex chromosomes change differently over evolutionary time than do the sequences of the same genes when they are located on autosomes. This project will integrate undergraduate discovery-based learning for undergraduates into the field and lab modules of this project and will broaden the participation of underrepresented groups in biology by providing direct training opportunities for students and their mentors, by engaging women and minorities through outreach activities, and by providing further opportunities for both the investigators to serve as role models for minorities.

性别是由大多数动物中的遗传体质（GSD）决定的，例如人类的性染色体对或XY，或鸟类中的ZZ或ZW。但是，在某些其他动物中，性别是由环境温度（TSD）决定的。但是，在乌龟物种中，可以找到两种类型的性别确定的例子。但是，尚不清楚如何以及为什么存在不同的性别确定机制。这个协作项目将通过使用XX/XY，ZZ/ZW或TSD机制进行性别确定的染色体和性别相关的基因来帮助填补这一空白。特别是，这项研究将测试（1）海龟中的所有性染色体是否源自一对祖先对非性质染色体（或“常染色体”），以及（2）（2）（2）（2）位于乌龟性染色体上的基因的分子演化与tsd turtles中的基因相同的基因，在tsd turtles中，性别是否与此相同的基因相差 - 染色体在进化时间上的变化不同于相同基因位于常染色体上的序列。该项目将将基于本科生的本科学习纳入本科和实验室模块，并通过为学生及其导师提供直接培训机会，通过外展活动来吸引妇女和少数群体，并通过推出外展活动，并为二者提供进一步的机会，从而为少数群体提供进一步的机会，从而扩大代表性不足的群体参与生物学的领域。