Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Fracture Patterns and Interpersonal Violence in the Moche of Northern Coastal Peru

博士论文改进补助金：秘鲁北部沿海莫切人的骨折模式和人际暴力

• 批准号: 0731552
• 负责人: John Verano
• 金额: $ 1.27万
• 依托单位: Tulane University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-08-01 至 2008-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0731552&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Fracture

The Moche culture, which flourished on the North Coast of Peru in the early part of the first millennium AD, has been the focus of archaeological investigation for decades. However, questions still linger regarding the nature of Moche political structure and warfare. Early researchers believed the Moche represented the first state-level culture in Andean South America. More recently, there has been a shift in thinking, with many researchers now believing the Moche consisted of two or more polities with differing levels of localized autonomy. Moche warfare has been similarly contested, with ideas about the function and frequency of armed conflict shaping and being shaped by beliefs about political structure. Therefore, a clarification of one of these two features of Andean society would help to resolve questions about the other.To that end, this study will provide crucial evidence about Moche warfare from a source that has, so far, been underutilized: the remains of the Moche people themselves. Under the supervision of Dr. John Verano, Sara Phillips will analyze patterns in bone fractures in skeletal remains from numerous Moche sites to determine the frequency and distribution of warfare in this culture. Fracture pattern analysis provides such insight in two ways. First, a comparison of the frequency of fracture in different skeletal elements will show whether the Moche people were commonly involved in acts of interpersonal violence or if the majority of their fractures were the result of accidents. This is possible because certain fractures are indicative of interpersonal violence and others of occupational or other mishaps. Secondly, comparing the fracture pattern between individuals--those of different age, sex, and status--will show the type of individuals most likely to have experience with interpersonal violence. This comparison can be done with groups from different time periods and different Moche sites, as well as between the Moche samples as a whole and data collected from other archaeological cultures. Together, these analyses will draw a picture of Moche warfare which can be compared to the expectations derived from theories about Moche political structure to see if a military state or cooperating polities characterized the Moche.The greater understanding of Moche warfare that will be provided by the proposed study is integral to clarifying the picture of Moche political structure by indicating whether military conquest or peaceful cooperation characterized their society. In either case, whether state or federation, the Moche culture is the linchpin to understanding the complex societies that followed in the Andes and to understanding the overall development of complex social structure in the region. Also, as one of the few areas where state-level society originated independently, tracing increasing complexity in Andean society will provide greater insight into the mechanisms behind state formation in general. Therefore, it is important that all available sources of information about the nature of Moche warfare and government be studied. One such source, the evidence for warfare left in the bodies of the Moche people themselves, has not been fully utilized, something study will remedy.

莫切文化于公元一千年初期在秘鲁北海岸蓬勃发展，几十年来一直是考古调查的焦点。 然而，关于莫切政治结构和战争的性质的问题仍然存在。 早期研究人员认为莫切代表了南美洲安第斯山脉的第一个国家级文化。 最近，人们的想法发生了转变，许多研究人员现在认为莫切由两个或多个具有不同程度的地方自治权的政体组成。 莫切战争也受到了类似的争议，关于武装冲突的功能和频率的观念塑造了政治结构的信念，而武装冲突的观念又被有关政治结构的信念所塑造。 因此，澄清安第斯社会的这两个特征之一将有助于解决有关另一个特征的问题。 为此，本研究将从迄今为止尚未得到充分利用的来源提供有关莫切战争的重要证据：莫切人本身。 在约翰·维拉诺博士的监督下，萨拉·菲利普斯将分析来自众多莫切遗址的骨骼遗骸中的骨折模式，以确定该文化中战争的频率和分布。 断裂模式分析通过两种方式提供了这种见解。 首先，比较不同骨骼成分的骨折频率将表明莫切人是否经常参与人际暴力行为，或者他们的大部分骨折是否是由于事故造成的。 这是可能的，因为某些骨折表明人际暴力，而其他骨折则表明职业或其他事故。 其次，比较不同年龄、性别和地位的个体之间的骨折模式，将显示出最有可能经历过人际暴力的个体类型。 这种比较可以对来自不同时期和不同莫切遗址的群体进行比较，也可以在整个莫切样本与从其他考古文化收集的数据之间进行比较。 总之，这些分析将描绘出莫切战争的图景，该图景可以与莫切政治结构理论得出的预期进行比较，以了解军事国家或合作政体是否是莫切的特征。拟议的研究通过表明军事征服或和平合作是莫切社会的特征，对于澄清莫切政治结构的图景至关重要。 无论哪种情况，无论是国家还是联邦，莫切文化都是理解安第斯山脉随后出现的复杂社会以及理解该地区复杂社会结构整体发展的关键。 此外，作为国家级社会独立起源的少数地区之一，追踪安第斯社会日益复杂的情况将有助于更深入地了解国家形成背后的机制。 因此，研究有关莫切战争和政府性质的所有可用信息来源非常重要。 其中一个来源，即莫切人自己体内留下的战争证据，尚未得到充分利用，需要研究来弥补。