Systematics of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Eucharitidae 系统学（膜翅目：Chalcidoidea）

• 批准号: 0108245
• 负责人: John Heraty
• 金额: $ 9.38万
• 依托单位: University of California-Riverside
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-08-01 至 2005-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0108245&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Systematics; Eucharitidae; Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea

Eucharitidae are one of the most diverse parasitic groups attacking eusocial insects. All eucharitid larvae are specialized parasites of ant pupae. Females deposit their eggs in plant tissue, and the active first-instar larvae are responsible for gaining transport to the ant nest. They are most common in tropical regions, but a few species occur as far north as Alaska and the Yukon. Initial results from a phylogenetic analysis of the 53 genera using 75 morphological features of adults indicate a strong correlation between the relationships of Eucharitidae and their ant hosts: 1) parasitism of Myrmicinae appears correlated with use of a thrips intermediate host to gain access to the ant brood, 2) parasitism of Ponerinae is correlated with independent larvae, and 3) parasitism of Formicinae is associated with the attraction of ants to the egg mass. Preliminary results from data collected for the D2 and D3 expansion regions of 28S rDNA show a strong correspondence with results from morphology-based analyses, but not without critical areas of conflict that need to be resolved. If strongly corroborated, molecular analyses will be used to reevaluate morphological character state coding and also to imply transformation series so that a more resolved hypothesis can be proposed for all genera based on morphology alone. Preliminary analyses suggest that Gollumiella and Akapala are key elements for establishing the polarity of behavioral changes in Eucharitidae, and emphasis will be made on obtaining new collections and biological information for these genera. If use of a thrips intermediate host is shown to be an ancestral mode for Oraseminae and Eucharitinae, this would suggest the behavior as primitive for the family and might indicate how the initial host shift to ants may have occurred. In Trigonalyoidea and Elasmus (Chalcidoidea), adaptation to parasitism of eusocial hosts may have been accomplished through a host shift from ancestors that were hyperparasitic in lepidopteran hosts to the hymenopteran predators of those Lepidoptera. If adaptation through a prey item to the predator is true for each of these groups, this general hypothesis could be applied to other parasitoids of eusocial insects.In natural or agricultural systems, Chalcidoidea are one of the most important groups controlling insect populations. With only about 20,000 of the estimated 400,000 thousand species named, and far fewer with known biology, this is a relatively unknown group. Eucharitidae are unusual within this assemblage because the genera and species are well known and they have a relatively conservative biology that corresponds with the initial analyses of relationships. As well, they show a high degree of geographic endemism that corresponds with the breakup of the southern continents approximately 40 to 70 million years ago. By providing a robust phylogenetic hypothesis using multiple methods (molecular, morphological and behavioral), we can better understand the mechanism of host shifts and the correlated increase in taxonomic diversity. A resolved phylogeny and understanding of behavioral evolution for Eucharitidae would form a model system for future comparative studies across the superfamily.

Eucharitidae是攻击异地昆虫的最多样化的寄生虫之一。所有的杜氏幼虫都是蚂蚁p的专门寄生虫。雌性将卵沉积在植物组织中，而活跃的第一in-Star幼虫负责获得到蚂蚁巢的运输。它们在热带地区最常见，但是一些物种出现在阿拉斯加和育空地区的北部。使用75种成年人形态学特征对53属进行系统发育分析的初步结果表明，iCucharitidae及其蚂蚁宿主之间的关系有很强的相关性：1）Myrmicinae的寄生虫似乎与使用中间体的寄生虫相关，与使用中等宿主相关，可以与抗牛的pare和2）与paraSitism的pare派相关，2）与paraSissism sorrae correal is correal isor rarv rarv rarv rarv rarv rarv）与蚂蚁吸引卵子的吸引力有关。 28S rDNA的D2和D3扩展区域收集的数据的初步结果表明，与基于形态的分析的结果相对应，但并非没有需要解决的关键冲突领域。如果强烈佐证，分子分析将用于重新评估形态特征状态编码，并暗示转化序列，以便仅基于形态学就可以为所有属提出一个更清晰的假设。初步分析表明，Gollumiella和Akapala是建立Eucharitidae行为变化极性的关键要素，并且将重点放在为这些属获取新的收集和生物学信息上。如果显示中间主机的使用是Oraseminae和Eucharitinae的祖先模式，这将表明该行为是家庭的原始模式，并可能表明最初的宿主转移到蚂蚁上可能是如何发生的。在Trigonalyoidea和Elasmus（Chalcidoidea）中，可以通过从鳞翅目宿主的祖先转移到鳞翅目的hymenopteran捕食者的祖先转移来实现对寄生虫的寄生虫的适应。如果通过猎物对捕食者的适应对这些群体都是正确的，则可以将此普遍的假设应用于自然或农业系统的其他寄生虫，而Chalcidoidea是控制昆虫种群的最重要的群体之一。在已知生物学的估计估计有40万种中，只有大约20,000种，而这是一个相对未知的群体。在此组合中，核心科是不寻常的，因为属和物种是众所周知的，并且具有相对保守的生物学，与最初的关系分析相对应。同样，它们显示出高度的地理特权，这与大约40到7000万年前的南部大陆的破裂相对应。通过使用多种方法（分子，形态和行为）提供强大的系统发育假设，我们可以更好地理解宿主移位的机理以及分类学多样性的相关性。解决的系统发育和对Eucharitidae行为进化的理解将形成一个模型系统，用于整个超家族的将来的比较研究。