Dissertation Research: A Regional Analysis of Early Woodland Cultural Variability

论文研究：早期林地文化变异的区域分析

• 批准号: 9812751
• 负责人: Charles Cobb
• 金额: $ 0.97万
• 依托单位: SUNY at Binghamton
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1998-09-01 至 2000-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9812751&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Dissertation; Research; Regional; Analysis; Early

Under the direction of Dr. Charles Cobb, Mr. Sean Raffertry will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. His goal is to study a large and regionally diverse sample of smoking pipes excavated from Eastern and Midwestern US archaeological sites dated to the Early Woodland Period (1,000 BC - 0 AD). In North America, this period marks the transition from hunting and gathering mode of subsistence to the adoption of agriculture and a more sedentary way of life. Burial practices were elaborated and items indicative of status such as elaborately carved stone sculptures are also present. Their distribution over a wide area suggests the presence of shared ritual and ideology. Tubular smoking pipes are often found on sites dating to the Early Woodland and despite their common occurrence often in ritual contexts (such as burials) there has been little synthetic research. With National science support Mr. Rafferty will undertake such an analysis. He will travel to museums which contain specimens and conduct a detailed stylistic study. On this basis it will be possible to estimate the extent of sub-regional variation which exists. He will extract residue from pipes' interiors and subject this to chemical examination to determine whether nicotine, indicative of tobacco, is present. This regional study will be supplemented by a local scale analysis to examine whether pipes occur in regular association with other types of burial goods and whether (based on skeletal examination) they tend to occur with individuals of particular age or gender. On this basis it will be possible to gain insight into the degree and nature of ritual use and how this varied over space. In later North American prehistory it is clear that regional archaeological traditions were often integrated into larger areal commonalties. The Mississippian tradition, for example, extended from the Gulf Coast to the northern US and local groups were linked through trade and shared ideology. Archaeologists wish to know how far this pattern extends back in time and what conditions led to its rise. Mr. Rafferty hypothesizes that because of the distribution of pipes, its roots may be found in the Early Woodland period as early as 2,000 years ago. This hypothesis will be significantly strengthened if he can show the pipes represent more than objects per se, but rather are associated with shared ritual behavior. Although smoking pipes have been excavated in many sites and described, no synthetic studies using a consistent set of analytic criteria have been conducted. Mr. Rafferty's research is original and the data he collects will be widely utilized. The project will also assist in training a promising young scientist.

在查尔斯·科布（Charles Cobb）博士的指导下，肖恩·拉弗里特（Sean Raffertry）先生将收集数据的博士学位论文。他的目标是研究从美国东部和中西部的考古遗址挖掘出的大量且有多样化的吸烟管，可追溯到早期林地时期（公元前1000年-0公元）。在北美，这一时期标志着从狩猎和收集生存方式过渡到采用农业和更久坐的生活方式。还详细阐述了埋葬习俗，并表明诸如精心雕刻的石材雕塑之类的状态。它们在广泛区域的分布表明存在共同的仪式和意识形态。在林地早期的地点通常发现管状吸烟管，尽管在仪式环境（例如埋葬）中经常出现常见，但几乎没有合成研究。在国家科学的支持下，拉弗蒂先生将进行这样的分析。他将前往包含标本的博物馆并进行详细的风格研究。在此基础上，可以估计存在的次区域变异的程度。他将从管道内部提取残留物，并进行化学检查，以确定是否存在烟草的尼古丁。这项区域研究将通过局部规模分析来补充，以检查管道是否与其他类型的葬礼进行定期关联，以及（基于骨骼检查）它们是否倾向于与特定年龄或性别的个体发生。在此基础上，可以深入了解仪式使用的程度和性质以及在空间上的变化。 在后来的北美史前时期，很明显，区域考古传统通常被整合到较大的面积共同体中。例如，密西西比州的传统从墨西哥湾沿岸延伸到美国北部和当地团体通过贸易和共同的意识形态联系在一起。考古学家希望知道这种模式延伸了多远，以及什么条件导致了它的上升。拉弗蒂先生假设，由于管道的分布，它的根源可能早在2000年前就可以在林地早期时期找到。如果他能显示管道代表的本身超过对象，而是与共同的仪式行为相关联，则该假设将得到显着加强。 尽管在许多地点已经发掘了吸烟管，但没有使用一系列一致的分析标准进行合成研究。拉弗蒂先生的研究是原始的，他收集的数据将被广泛使用。该项目还将有助于培训一位有前途的年轻科学家。