中国近代工业建筑西方溯源及其本土化——以苏沪地区棉纺建筑为例

The scientific evalutation on industrial architectural heritage and good conservation practice depend on the deep researches on these buildings, which demands interdiscipline methods and solid historical data. The lack of a historical research of the industrial technology and the industrial architecture development lead to the consequence that the value of authentic industrial buildings has been undermined with the abuse of re-use. .The Chinese modern industries were established in the port cities through two main ways: the foreign investments and the “Westernization Movement” after the Opium War. The new manufactory demanded a new type of buildings, the modern industrial buildings, which have crucial influence on the modernization of Chinese architecture. The “ imported” industrial buildings were dominated structures in earlier period, which were replaced by “localized” design and construction when the domestic industries were booming in 1920-30s. .Focusing on historical origins of the Chinese modern industrial buidlings and its technology tranfer routes, this research will take the textile mills in Jiangsu-Shanghai area as samples. These textile mills have been very important evidences to understand the modern industry history and the architecture technology evolution as well. .This research will start a historical survey of these existing textile mills, especially alongside the Grand Canal and the connection between Shanghai and the other important port cities, like Wuxi, Nantong, and Suzhou. These industrial remains will be recorded with architecture drawings and high quality photos. With the field work and survey data, the researcher could make a historical mapping and show the evolution with the comparison of the architecture features to the origins in Western Countries, such as UK. The localization of industrial buildings in China will be explored by detailed case study. Based on this research, a specific conservation guideline can further give proper detail design strategy according to the typical industrial elements of these mills.

工业建筑研究是科学评估工业建筑遗产历史价值与恰当再利用的基础，同时也需要跨学科的视野与方法和扎实深入的史料支撑。.鸦片战争后，在西方资本与“洋务运动”的双重作用下，中国的近代工业逐步在开埠城市建立。为适应新的机械化大生产方式，工业建筑也作为一种新的建筑类型应运而生，并对之后中国建筑的现代化转型起到了关键作用。中国的近代工业建筑最初带有明显的舶来特征，随着民族资本的兴起，对于工业建筑需求不断增长，其设计与建造也逐步本土化。.本研究聚焦中国近代工业建筑的历史源头与技术转移的过程，并以苏沪地区的棉纺建筑遗存为研究样本，采用建筑史与工业考古学相结合的方法，探索其建筑设计与技术的源头、技术转移的过程与路径。本研究将重点考察以英国为代表的纺织工业建筑对中国近代工业建筑输出过程，并探寻苏沪地区固有建筑特征在这一本土化过程中影响，最后将讨论如何在保护实践中通过对历史要素的甄别与阐释，更好的体现其历史价值。

随着对工业遗产保护工作的重视，近年来大量近代工业建筑已被列入各级政府部门列为保护对象。鉴于当前的工业遗产研究中对于生产空间的建造发展历史研究仍较少涉及，因此在国内以”适应性再利用”为核心的保护实践中往往出现对于价值要素的误读，而“不恰当的再利用”对于价值要素漠视甚至破坏，则是工业遗产研究亟待解决的问题。.工业建筑研究是科学评估工业建筑遗产历史价值与恰当再利用的基础，同时也需要跨学科的视野与方法和扎实深入的史料支撑。本研究通过工业建筑遗产的技术史视角，以档案史料与实证相结合，研究近代纺织建筑的建造实践与发展过程，弥补历史价值评价中缺失的部分。.通过聚焦中国近代工业建筑历史源头与技术转移的过程，并以苏沪地区的棉纺建筑遗存为研究样本，参考欧、美及日本等地的早期纺织类建筑遗产实例，本研究分析纺织建筑的建造与设计的具体技术发展路径，廓清以纺织建筑为代表的近代民用工业建筑从西方进入中国的技术转移的过程与路径。.主要发现如下：1：中国近代的纺织类工业建筑肇始于上海，随着外商资本的进入与民族工商业发展，纺织业逐步深入大运河沿线或长江沿线城市。2：由于原材料与成品的运输需求，早期厂区选址都依靠水岸。3：中国近代的纺织建筑的源头具有多样性，具体建筑的建造与建厂的资本来源相关。 4：近代纺织建筑的设计经历了西方匠师到打样间设计到建筑事务所的逐步本土化过程，而各类纺织机械的平面布局早期由境外的机械供应商提供图纸到后期的本土培养专业工程师负责；施工则由早期的本地“水木作”匠行投标施工，而逐步发展为专业的营造厂竞标。5：从建筑技术的发展来看，中国近代的纺织建筑从早期的多层砖木结构逐步发展为砖混结构、钢结构桁架、钢筋混凝土结构类型的单层厂房 ，钢筋混凝土多层厂房与单层厂房混合为主的过程。其中锯齿形单层厂房是最为主要的结构形式。与西方的发展过程相比较，中国的工业建筑的发展跳过了铸铁与砖券结构的防火结构的历史阶段。

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