古尔班通古沙漠不同生境节肢动物多样性变化及危害特点研究

Gurbantunggut Desert is the biggest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, but owning to the affection of human interference and natural factors, vegetation degradation as well as ecological deterioration is becoming more and more serious. Arthropod has an important ecological function in the desert ecosystem, also is a key link to the vegetation succession and food web construction. Research on the diversity of Arthropod is an important part of biodiversity study of desert. The former study mainly aimed at the upper insects. In this project, diversity of arthropod community in oasis agro-ecological region, desert transitional zone, land surface and plants of desert ecological region, which located in the south rim of the Gurbantunggut Desert were compared .What's more, the effect of different biotope on the spatial and temporal dynamic of arthropod community and effect of harmful arthropod on main desert vegetation were explored. The former mentioned investigation can inform us of role and function of Arthropod in the desert ecosystem at different levels, different time and space and different habitats, promote the exploration of relationship between vegetation, arthropod and biotope. This research established a theoretical foundation and application value for stable and sustainable development of desert ecosystem, and using diversity of arthropod community as index to evaluate the balance of desert ecosystem. Yet it has important significance to recovering and protecting the stability of desert ecological.

古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定、半固定沙漠，由于受到人为和自然因素的影响，致使该地区沙漠植被退化，生态条件恶化。节肢动物在荒漠生态系统中发挥着重要的生态功能，同时也是植物演替、食物网构成不可缺少的一个环节，节肢动物多样性的研究是荒漠生物多样性研究的重要组成部分。以往荒漠昆虫研究多在沙漠地表昆虫。本项目通过古尔班通古特沙漠南缘绿洲农业生态区、荒漠过度生态区、沙漠生态区的地表和植物体节肢动物群落多样性比较，沙漠生态区中不同生境对节肢动物群落时空动态影响，以及有害节肢动物对主要荒漠植被的影响，从不同层次、时空和生境，明确节肢动物在荒漠生态中的地位和作用，进一步探索荒漠植被-节肢动物-生境的相互关系，对于荒漠生态稳定可持续发展及以荒漠节肢动物多样性作为生物指标评价荒漠生态平衡状况，奠定很好的理论模式和应用价值，为恢复和保护古尔班通古特沙漠南缘生态系统的稳定具有非常重要的意义。

【研究背景】古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定、半固定沙漠，由于受到人为因素、自然因素的影响，而使该地区沙漠植被退化，生态条件恶化。.【研究内容】1）对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘绿洲农业生态区、荒漠过渡生态区、沙漠生态区及三个生态区中不同生境的节肢动物群落结构、群落多样性参数、群落多样性时空动态进行了比较；2）比较了自然梭梭林、生态恢复梭梭林、人工梭梭林节肢动物群落多样性；3）研究了沙漠生态区生境异质性对节肢动物群落结构和数量的影响；4）研究了有害节肢动物对主要荒漠植被的影响；5）研究了主要害虫、天敌与生境的关系。.【重要结果】研究结果显示：1）古尔班通古特沙漠南缘三个生态区节肢动物种类主要为鞘翅目、膜翅目、同翅目、半翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目、直翅目、蛛形纲；2）荒漠过渡带节肢动物物种数、个体数、多样性指数、丰富度、均匀性指数均为最高，其次为沙漠，其中农田最低。农田种群随季节变化主要种群数量波动比较大，其次为沙漠，荒漠过渡带种群数量波动幅度最小。3）荒漠过渡带是农田和沙漠害虫天敌的主要库源。4）生态恢复梭梭林节肢动物群落的物种数、多样性指数、丰富度、均匀性指数均为最高，人工梭梭林主要害虫个体数最高。5)沙漠和过渡带地表主要害虫为象甲、拟步甲；沙漠植被主要害虫为盲蝽、叶蝉；梭梭主要害虫为瘿螨、木虱和瘿蚊引起的7种虫瘿；柽柳主要害虫为蛇形粉蚧；三种生态区主要天敌为小蜂、瓢虫、草岭、捕食螨。害虫和天敌发生程度与生境异质、人为干预程度有密切关系。.【结论】因此保护荒漠过渡带植被对于沙漠植被以及农田害虫的防治起到重要作用；地表鞘翅目昆虫物种多样性和数量可作为标评价荒漠生态的生物指；加强梭梭虫瘿的监控和防治。.【科学意义】进一步探索荒漠植被—节肢动物—生境的相互关系，对于荒漠生态稳定可持续发展及以荒漠节肢动物多样性作为生物指标评价荒漠生态平衡，奠定很好的理论模式和应用价值。

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