云南培菌白蚁促繁鸡㙡菌的生态学及系统发育研究

Fungus-growing termites are important wild insect resource in Southwestern China. Termitomyces spp. propagated by Fungus-growing termites is a traditional and valuable wild edible fungus in China, with extremely high scientific research value. The classification status, biological characteristics, symbiotic relationship with termites, nutritional and medicinal values have been done, but its artificial domestication has not been successful yet and no one had studied the environment and conditions for the growing of Termitomyces spp. without fungus-growing termites. Yunnan province is the most abundant region of germplasm resources of fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces spp. in China. Its plateau geographical environment and climate change provide suitable habitats for fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces spp., but at present there is no complete and systematic basic information on their species and distribution in Yunnan province. Therefore, first of all, this project plans to make the research on the germplasm resources of fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces spp. By combining the methods of morphological and molecular systematics, the species and distribution of the fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces spp, species diversity and phylogenetic relationship in Yunnan will be clarified and the origin issue will be speculated. Secondly, by molecular biology method, the relationship between fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces spp. in Yunnan and geographical environment will be studied, and the relationship between the species diversity and vegetation type, slope direction and altitude will be also revealed, and the ecological environmental factors and characteristics of fungus garden of different fungus-growing termites will be explored, too. The results will provide basic data for the protection, development and utilization of germplasm resources of fungus-growing termites and wild Termitomyces spp. in Yunnan area, and provide theoretical basis for promoting related research on artificial domestication of Termitomyces spp.

培菌白蚁是我国西南地区重要的野生昆虫资源，由培菌白蚁所促繁的鸡㙡菌是我国传统的珍稀野生食用菌，极具科学研究价值，在其分类地位、生物学特征、与白蚁的共生关系以及食药用价值等方面已有大量研究成果，但培菌白蚁促繁鸡㙡菌子实体的机制尚不明确。云南是我国培菌白蚁与鸡㙡菌种质资源最为丰富的地区，但目前对其种类与分布缺少完整而系统的基础资料。本项目拟开展云南地区培菌白蚁及其共生鸡㙡菌种质资源调查，采用形态学和分子系统学方法，阐明该地区培菌白蚁与鸡㙡菌的种类与分布、物种多样性和系统发育关系，推测云南地区培菌白蚁与鸡㙡菌属的起源；运用分子生物学手段，研究云南地区培菌白蚁和鸡㙡菌与地理环境的关系，揭示其物种多样性与植被类型、坡向和海拔的关系，探索不同培菌白蚁促繁优良鸡㙡菌的菌圃内生态环境因子和特征规律。研究结果将为该地区培菌白蚁与鸡㙡菌种质资源保护与利用提供基础数据，为推动鸡㙡菌人工驯化研究提供理论依据。

培菌白蚁是地球上重要的野生昆虫资源，为人类提供了极具科学研究价值和食药用价值的野生食用菌——鸡㙡菌。云南是我国培菌白蚁与鸡㙡菌种质资源最为丰富的地区，因此本项目开展了调查研究，基本摸清了培菌白蚁和鸡㙡菌种质资源在云南省全省范围的分布情况，探索了云南地区培菌白蚁促繁鸡㙡菌的生态环境特征、共生关系及遗传多样性等，并尝试开展了基于自然生境的人工促繁鸡㙡菌试验。结果发现，云南省共有119个县（市、区）有培菌白蚁促繁鸡㙡菌的发生，占全省的92.25%，其中普洱市、临沧市、楚雄彝族自治州等9个州（市）呈现全州/市分布现状。培菌白蚁与鸡㙡菌种质资源广泛分布于云南省各高、中、低海拔区域各坡度山区的红壤土和黄壤土中，海拔跨度较大；其菌圃内环境中CO2浓度为549-957mg·m-3，处于中等CO2浓度水平，pH值为3.9-7.6，表现为弱酸性至中性。菌圃外周围土壤环境中含有丰富的营养成分，包括有机质、有效磷、速效钾等，和分布着大量的重金属元素，包括镉、铜、锌等；并均匀地分布着草本、灌木、乔木和藤本等植物，为培菌白蚁提供了丰富的食物来源，维系着培菌白蚁与鸡㙡菌栖息地的生态平衡。同时，项目收集了3种主要的培菌白蚁样本，包括黑翅土白蚁（Odontotermes formosanus）、海南土白蚁（Odontotermes hainanensi）和土垅大白蚁（Macrotermes annandalei），和3种主要的鸡㙡菌子实体样本，包括真根蚁巢伞（Termitomyces eurrhizus）、条纹蚁巢伞（Termitomyces striatus）和小果蚁巢伞（Termitomyces microcarpus）；通过分析发现，黑翅土白蚁可促繁真根蚁巢伞、条纹蚁巢伞和小果蚁巢伞，海南土白蚁可促繁真根蚁巢伞、条纹蚁巢伞，土垅大白蚁可促繁真根蚁巢伞、条纹蚁巢伞；经分子检测分析，鸡㙡菌居群间已经完全分化，表现出较高的遗传多样性。最后，应用培菌白蚁开展的人工促繁鸡㙡菌试验取得了阶段性的成效，650余个培菌白蚁建巢塘基本全部成功建立了菌圃，产生了“小白球”，并出土了鸡㙡菌子实体。研究成果较好地提示了云南地区所具备的培菌白蚁促繁鸡㙡菌的适宜生境、气候特点，为人工促繁鸡㙡菌的技术突破奠定了坚实的科学技术基础。

内容获取失败，请点击重试