家域重叠的滇金丝猴种群生境利用和群间关系的生态学研究

Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) is a highly endangered primate species with a restricted range in Northwest Yunnan and Southeast Tibet. Their habitat is characterized as temperate mixed broadleaf-conifer forest with temperatures falling below zero for several months of the annual year and frequent snowfalls in winter. Based on comprehensive field surveys, the world population of R. bieti is around 2000 monkeys approximately.Due to extreme natural environment, R. bieti is still one of the lesser known or least known primates. Only preliminary data have been accrued about their ecology and behaviour in the field. Study on ecology and behaviour of R. bieti that is being increasingly recognized as worthy of the interest of primatologists now. Though a lot of research results have been published, these studies always focus on ranging behaviour and feeding behaviour for one natural population so far. Because environment and vegetation types are the evident different for each study group, so we cannot compare their socio-ecology effectively. Comparative studies have become both more frequent and more important as a means for understanding the ecology, behaviour and evolution of primates, however, there is no comparative study for two different Yunnan snub-nosed monkey group in ecology and behaviour in the field.The project aim at comparative studies ecology of two home range overlap of natural monkey groups which group sizes are the different markedly,and we will study their interactions. The research project is subdivided into several topics: 1) habitat composition and structure, habitat association patterns; 2) ranging patterns, including in daily travel distance, ranging altitude, home range size, and the extent of home range overlap; 3) time allocation patterns, including in the annual time budgets, seasonal and age/sex differences in activity budgets, compare time budgets with two monkey groups; 4) social behaviour and intergroup interactions, we will collect social organization, age/sex composition, numbers of one male units, individuals of all male unit, infant birth rate, infant mortality, inter-birth interval, the position, frequency, duration, individual migration and aggressiveness of intergroup encounters. Baseline behavioural and ecological data collected over the course of the field study evaluate modeling primate group size ecology, mate and food resources defense hypothesis, meanwhile the results of this project have the potential to predict the effect of habitat capacity, intergroup competition, an index of group health and group survival assessment. In summary, the research results can be seen as relevant important for future conservation actions of R. bieti.

滇金丝猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）是我国特有的濒危珍稀灵长类动物，现存种群数量约为2000只。近30年来，未见有家域重叠滇金丝猴群间生境利用比较和群间关系的研究报道。了解家域重叠的猴群之间生境利用、日活动时间分配，以及因家域重叠而导致的群间交流互动关系，对滇金丝猴生存和发展具有重要的现实保护意义。本项目将对相同栖息环境下，两个种群数量存在巨大差异的猴群开展家域、栖息地利用、日活动时间分配、种群结构、种群动态的比较研究，同时研究两个猴群间的交流互动关系。通过本项目的开展，了解家域重叠、种群大小不同的猴群活动规律，以及它们之间的交流与竞争，分析影响群间行为生态学特征差异的主要因素，验证特定环境下灵长类动物种群大小的生态学线型模型，检验家域重叠导致的资源防御和配偶防御假说，揭示它们各自的生存策略和发展趋势，为保护和管理该物种提供科学指导。

滇金丝猴是我国特有的珍稀濒危灵长类动物，本项目针对两个家域重叠滇金丝猴种群的家域利用、家域重叠竞争、种群状况、日活动时间分配、食物组成以及群体内个体之间关系等方面展开了研究，具体研究结果如下：.1）家域利用：大群全年家域为34.13平方公里。该种群的家域具有明显的季节性差异。夏季和冬季的家域较大，面积分别为14.69平方公里和14.56平方公里；其次是春季的家域，面积为11.88平方公里；秋季的家域最小，面积仅为9.19平方公里。猴群对全年家域中各个地域的利用强度并不相同，猴群明显偏好于集中利用家域的某些区域。小群的家域大小为24.50平方公里。比大群家域面积少近10平方公里。然而，小群秋季家域最大，面积为12.56平方公里；冬季家域最小，面积仅有4.5平方公里。春季和夏季家域相差不大，面积分别为6.06平方公里和5.81平方公里。.2）家域重叠竞争：两个猴群家域重叠区域面积为7.81平方公里，分别占大群和小群家域的22.97%和31.87%。可见，家域重叠对于较小的猴群更大些。家域重叠造成小群秋季必须通过扩大家域面积来避免两猴群有可能遭遇的情况。.3）种群状况：研究发现，大群种群数量呈逐年增长的趋势，到2014大群数量达到492只。其中，成年个体数量为265只，未成年个体数量达到227只，成年雄性/成年雌性比为1.0:1.7。大群存在季节性分群的现象。.4）日活动时间分配：不同年龄/性别组滇金丝猴日活动时间分配存在明显差异。成年雌性取食时间最长，达44.8%；婴猴用于取食的时间仅为14.2%；成年雌性休息时间多于成年雄性；少年个体用于移动的时间明显多于成年雌性和成年雄性。成年个体用于取食的时间明显多于未成年个体；未成年个体移动时间、休息时间多于成年个体。.5）食性分析：采用凯氏定氮法测量粗蛋白含量，以索氏提取法测量粗脂肪含量，用酸性洗涤剂法测量粗纤维含量。31种食源植物和6种非食源植物间的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量及粗蛋白与酸性洗涤纤维比值（CP/ADF）无显著差异（P > 0.05）；食源植物的粗纤维含量显著低于非食源植物（P < 0.05）。结果表明，粗纤维含量是影响滇金丝猴食物选择的重要因素之一，云南白马雪山的滇金丝猴倾向于取食粗纤维含量较低的植物。这一结果支持灵长类食物选择的纤维限制性假说。此外，滇金丝猴存在食土行为。取食土样的有效氮、可利用磷盐分等高于对照土样。

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