基于河套灌於土滑移特性的吊杯式移栽机栽植性能研究

Hetao Plain is an important food and cash crops base of Inner Mongolia,but climatic factors and the decreased rural labor force severely restricts to improve cash crops yield. Mechanized transplanting technique aims at avoiding cold spring, pests and other natural disasters, which can effectively extend the growth period, improve seedlings survival rate and quality, in order to achieve the efficient way increasing yield and income. Aim at the poor transplanting performance issues of dibble type device transplanter when carried out mechanized transplanting in Hetao irrigation district that it is caused by anthropogenic-alluvial soil producing wheel slip effects. Transplanting mechanism of dibble type device transplanter are studied by theoretical analysis and experimental of transplanting device based on anthropogenic-alluvial soil slipping characteristic ,and investigation of the influence law between the cultivated soils and the slippage characteristics of wheel, and establishing the mathematical model to characterize slipping characteristic parameters;Establishment the kinematics model of transplanting device, analysis of trajectory of transplanting device, and exploring the variation of seedling stance , shape of hole, membrane pore size and transplanting depth under different slipping characteristics conditions, optimizing the structure parameters of transplanting device; Research on the effect factors of transplanting quality and efficiency based on anthropogenic-alluvial soil through laboratory research and high speed photograph technology, revealing the transplanting mechanism and establishing the optimal parameter combination for transplanting performance.With the above research, It is given the parameters of soil surface conditions for transplanting required, and provide a theoretical basis for developing dibble type device transplanter suitable for Hetao area transplanter under anthropogenic-alluvial soil environment.

河套平原是内蒙古重要的粮食和经济作物基地，由于气候因子和农村劳动力下降严重制约着经济作物产量提高。机械化移栽技术是避开春季低温、虫害等自然灾害，有效延长生育期，提高保苗率和品质，达到增产增收高效的最佳方式。本项目针对河套区进行机械化移栽时，由于灌於土引起滑移导致移栽机栽植性能差的问题，利用理论分析与试验相结合的方法对基于灌於土滑移特性的吊杯式移栽机栽植机理进行研究，探索耕作地表状况与地轮滑移特性的关系规律，获得表征滑移特性参数的数学模型；建立栽植器的运动学模型，分析在不同滑移特性条件下栽植器的运动规律，探钵苗姿态、穴孔的形状、膜孔尺寸、株距及栽深变化规律，优化栽植器结构参数；通过室内试验和高速摄像技术研究灌於土影响栽植质量和栽植效率的因素，揭示基于灌於土的栽植机理，确立栽植性能最优参数组合。结合上述研究，给出移栽机栽植所需的地表状况参数，为开发适合河套地区灌於土环境下吊杯式移栽机提供理论。

本项目基于河套灌於土滑移特性对吊杯式移栽机栽植性能展开研究。项目以LabVIEW为操作平台，采用NI数据采集卡对移栽机滑移特性及地表粗糙度、株距的等参数进行采集与分析，指出地轮和栽植装置的滑移率曲线有着相同的变化趋势。针对吊杯的运动轨迹方程和吊杯的形状特征参数，建立了栽植穴口长度数学模型，用Matlab对轨迹穴口长度进行仿真分析，揭示了地轮滑移率对栽植穴口长度的影响很大。建立了栽植器的三维模型并进行了优化设计与制造，分析了2种栽植器其对膜上穴口尺寸的影响程度，试验表明改进后的栽植器使膜口尺寸降低，且膜上横向尺寸降低幅度大于膜上纵向尺寸；以移栽机地轮与土壤接触区为研究单元，由薄膜压力传感器等构成数据采集系统，研究了吊杯式移栽机地轮与土壤的相互作用力对地轮滑移率的影响，获得了土壤硬度变化与地轮-土壤接触区内最大正压力模型，建立了不同土壤硬度下地轮滑移率的数学模型。指出土壤硬度一定时随着地轮的移动，在地轮正下方位置应力值最大；地轮同一截面应力值大小基本相同，且变化趋势基本相同；由Pro/E将移栽装置进行虚拟装配，并导入到仿真软件Adams中，在不同滑移率、传动比下对移栽装置进行运动特性仿真，得到不同滑移率与不同传动比下栽植器的轨迹曲线以及运动特征参数λ值、穴口长度值和株距值，分析了栽植器运动过程中位移、速度、加速度的变化，指出了滑移率和传动比是影响运动特征参数λ的主要原因，传动比一定时，λ值随着滑移率的增大而逐渐减小；滑移率相同时，λ值随着传动比的增大也逐渐减小，指出当λ值在1.038到1.186区间时，栽植性能最优。研制了基于滑移特性吊杯式移栽机栽植特性参数数据采集系统与耕作土壤地表三维形貌空间点阵测量与评价系统，实现了数据实时显示、存储，系统可分别满足基于土壤滑移特性吊杯式移栽机栽植特性参数数据采集和耕作土壤地表三维形貌测量试验的需求。项目研究结果为开发适合河套地区灌淤土环境下吊杯式移栽机提供理论。

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