蝙蝠回声定位多普勒频移补偿能力及其进化研究

The ability of behavioral-motor control varies among species. Motor control is important to the foraging behaviour and survival of animals. However, it is unclear what factors affect the evolution of the ability of motor control among species. The Doppler shift compensation of echolocating bats is one of the most accurately regulated motor behaviors in the animal kingdom, with a precision up to 0.06%. This behavior is unique in horseshoe bats, leaf-nosed bats and several other bat species and it provides an opportunity to study the evolution of motor control among species. In the present program, we focus on the question what factors drive the evolution of the interspecific differences in the ability of motor control. Based on the advantages of distribution of bat species in China, we plan to study the ability of Doppler shift compensation among horseshoe bats and leaf-nosed bats by performing behavioral experiments with advanced technology of sound recording and behavior monitoring. We also study the contributions of genetic variation, phenotype, and ecological pressures from prey and habitat to the evolution of the Doppler shift compensation using genetic, phenotypic, behavioral and ecological data. This study will be beneficial to uncover the evolutionary processes of this special behavior and to explain the factors driving the evolution of motor control ability of animals. Doppler effect is a common physical phenomenon and our study may provide scientific theories and new ideas for biomimetic research.

物种间的行为运动控制能力普遍存在差异。运动控制对动物的觅食行为与生存具有重要意义，然而尚不清楚什么因素导致了物种间运动控制能力差异的进化。蝙蝠的回声定位多普勒频移补偿是动物界最精准的运动控制行为之一，精确度可达0.06%，该行为仅存于菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科及少数其他几种蝙蝠，为研究运动控制及其进化提供了良好契机。本项目聚焦“物种间运动控制能力差异的进化过程及原因”这一科学问题，立足我国蝙蝠物种优势，通过声行为控制实验，采用声波录制和行为追踪前沿技术，研究菊头蝠和蹄蝠多普勒频移补偿能力种间变化水平。结合遗传、形态、行为和生态数据，研究遗传变异、表型特征、捕食生境和猎物生态压力在蝙蝠多普勒频移补偿能力进化过程中的作用。本研究有助于阐明多普勒频移补偿这种特殊行为的进化过程，对揭示动物行为运动控制能力进化及影响因素具有重要意义。多普勒效应是普遍存在的物理现象，本项目可为仿生研究提供科学依据和新思路。

本项目主要研究目标为明确菊头蝠和蹄蝠代表物种的回声定位多普勒频移补偿能力以及种间差异水平；揭示蝙蝠多普勒频移补偿能力差异的演化过程及影响因素；以第一作者或通讯作者身份发表SCI 论文4~6 篇；完成项目结题报告。项目执行过程中，明确了以马铁菊头蝠为代表的菊头蝠科蝙蝠和以大蹄蝠为代表的蹄蝠科蝙蝠均有精确的回声定位多普勒频移补偿能力，菊头蝠的多普勒频移补偿性能比蹄蝠更精确；揭示了生境复杂水平对蝙蝠多普勒频移补偿性能没有显著影响；在演化过程中，与高性能发声控制相关的功能重要性可能是形成精确发声控制的关键；揭示了环境温湿度是影响蝙蝠回声定位多普勒频移补偿能力的重要影响因素；证实了蝙蝠体温和环境温度能够显著影响蝙蝠回声定位声波频率变化。阐明了环境噪音是蝙蝠回声定位声波声学特征显著变化的重要驱动因子。环境噪音背景下，蝙蝠回声定位声波发声数量显著增加，环境噪音作为一种压力源改变蝙蝠的回声定位声波行为。开展了两种菊头蝠全基因组测序研究，揭示了蝙蝠回声定位声波演化相关的多个基因家族。发表相关SCI论文9篇，部分成果发表在Journal of Applied Ecology, Molecular Ecology, Animal Behaviour（2篇）等学科代表性期刊，撰写编著2部。培育毕业硕士3名，毕业博士生1人。总体完成项目计划，达到预期目标。

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