Bees: phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomy

蜜蜂：系统发育、生物地理学和分类学

• 批准号: RGPIN-2020-06991
• 负责人: Packer, Laurence
• 金额: $ 4.01万
• 依托单位: York University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2020-01-01 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=718599
• 关键词: Bees; phylogeny; biogeography; taxonomy

Bees are the most important pollinators in the world. Because of their high extinction risk, they also inform us about the state of the environment. Additionally, as species differ in habitat requirements (diet breadth, nest sites ties among species, 2) absence/poor quality of identification tools, and 3) ongoing changes to their classifications (which can be annual at the generic level, and far too frequent even at the family level). Classifications should be based upon phylogenies, but there are large discrepancies between results based upon morphological and genetic data. Thus, our research objectives are to: 1) stabilize bee classification through a taxonomically dense total evidence phylogeny and use the results to 2) understand the geological/palaeoenvironmental /biogeographic events that led to current bee distributions and 3) develop and provide user-friendly identification tools. 1. Will involve use of our extensive collection which houses >35% of the world's bee species and >93% of the genera. Hundreds of morphological characteristics will be assessed, and we will generate hundreds to thousands of gene sequences from at least one member of each genus using recently developed methods that work even for minute pinned insects that were collected decades ago. It will provide a robust basis for a long-lasting classification. 2. The phylogeny resulting from objective 1 will be time calibrated permitting us to detect when particular geographic disjunctions originated. We will then be able to look for the geological or palaeoenvironmental events that coincide with the disjunctions. This work will be at the generic level for the bees of the world, species level for Chile. 3. Will involve augmenting the DNA barcode library for bees and generating image-driven, user-friendly identification guides for the bee genera of specific countries (eventually the whole world). These keys will be turned into freely available online apps that mimic computer games and will be culturally specific to the gaming style preferences in the target country/ies/ IMPACT. The global nature of our research attracts worldwide interest. The practical importance of generating user-friendly identification tools that can be cross-validated by morphology and DNA cannot be overstated. There is enormous need for this information throughout the world. The approaches we will develop should set the standard for identification procedures for any challenging group of organisms.

蜜蜂是世界上最重要的传粉者。由于它们的灭绝风险很高，它们还可以让我们了解环境状况。此外，由于物种的栖息地要求不同（饮食宽度、物种之间的巢穴联系，2）识别工具的缺乏/质量差，以及3）其分类的持续变化（在通用水平上可能是每年一次，而且过于频繁）即使在家庭层面）。分类应基于系统发育，但基于形态学和遗传数据的结果之间存在很大差异。 因此，我们的研究目标是：1）通过分类密集的总证据系统发育来稳定蜜蜂分类，并使用结果来 2）了解导致当前蜜蜂分布的地质/古环境/生物地理事件，以及 3）开发并提供用户友好的界面识别工具。 1. 将涉及使用我们广泛的收藏，其中包含世界上 > 35% 的蜂种和 > 93% 的蜂属。我们将评估数百种形态特征，并且我们将使用最近开发的方法从每个属的至少一个成员生成数百到数千个基因序列，这些方法甚至适用于几十年前收集的微小固定昆虫。它将为持久的分类提供坚实的基础。 2. 目标 1 产生的系统发育将进行时间校准，使我们能够检测特定地理分离的起源时间。然后我们将能够寻找与分离相一致的地质或古环境事件。这项工作将在世界蜜蜂的属级水平上进行，在智利的物种水平上进行。 3. 将涉及扩充蜜蜂 DNA 条形码库，并为特定国家（最终是全世界）的蜂属生成图像驱动的、用户友好的识别指南。这些密钥将被转化为模仿电脑游戏的免费在线应用程序，并且将在文化上针对目标国家/地区的游戏风格偏好。 影响。我们研究的全球性吸引了全世界的兴趣。生成可通过形态学和 DNA 交叉验证的用户友好的识别工具的实际重要性怎么强调也不为过。全世界都非常需要这些信息。我们将开发的方法应该为任何具有挑战性的生物群体的识别程序设定标准。