Development of Advanced Aerosol Instrumentation

先进气溶胶仪器的开发

• 批准号: RGPIN-2020-03957
• 负责人: Olfert, Jason
• 金额: $ 4.01万
• 依托单位: University of Alberta
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2020-01-01 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=716737
• 关键词: Development; Advanced; Aerosol; Instrumentation; Development; Advanced; Aerosol; Instrumentation

According to the World Health Organization, outdoor and indoor air pollution was estimated to cause ~7.2 million premature deaths worldwide per year in 2016, primarily due to exposure to particulate matter (PM), which causes cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and cancers. Air pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world. Air pollution is responsible for more deaths than a high-sodium diet, obesity, AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, alcohol, tobacco, road accidents, child and maternal malnutrition, or war and all forms of violence. The Canadian Government estimates 14,400 Canadians die from the effects of air pollution each year and the annual economic cost of the effects of air pollution is ~$8 billion. Furthermore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that soot (carbonaceous PM) plays a major role in global climate forcing and the impacts of climate change “include alteration of ecosystems, disruption of food production and water supply, damage to infrastructure and settlements, morbidity and mortality”. The negative effects of PM can be reduced through technological advancements and regulations. However, these reductions are not possible without instruments to quantify PM emissions and understand their properties. The primary focus of my research has been developing novel aerosol instruments and techniques to quantify emissions and understand the effect PM has on health and climate so that appropriate environmental policies and regulations can be developed. The goals of this Discovery Grant are to develop and use new analytical techniques in two important research areas, namely: low-cost PM sensor calibration and the climate impact of soot. i) Low-cost PM sensor calibration Given that air pollution is a major global problem, there has been a recent explosion in the development of low-cost PM sensors. These systems are used for building ventilation (filtration) control, monitoring PM in urban areas, workplace hazard and exposure identification, and engine emissions monitoring. However, low-cost PM sensor technology is still in its infancy and sensor developers are using indirect measurement techniques to measure the mass of the particles. Thus, a system is necessary to calibrate or characterization these sensors. This proposal investigates two methods for calibrating these sensors. ii) Mixing state and optical properties of coated soot One large source of uncertainty in climate models is due to organic material coating soot in the atmosphere. Coatings on soot create two competing effects on soot optical properties. The coating may cause a lensing' effect due to enhanced refraction (enhancing climate warming) and/or may cause the soot to collapse' due to surface tension (decreasing warming). This proposal uses novel instrumentation to measure and understand the magnitude of these effects and understand the relative importance of these effects in the atmosphere.

根据世界卫生组织的数据，据估计，室外和室内空气污染在2016年每年在全球造成约720万个早期死亡，主要是由于特定事项（PM）导致心血管疾病和呼吸道疾病的特定事项（PM）以及癌症。空气污染是世界上疾病和过早死亡的最大环境原因。空气污染导致死亡人数更多，而不是高钠饮食，肥胖，艾滋病，结核病，疟疾，酒精，烟草，道路事故，儿童和母体营养不良，或战争以及所有形式的暴力行为。加拿大政府估计，每年空气污染的影响14,400名加拿大人死亡，空气污染影响的年度经济成本约为80亿美元。此外，政府间气候变化的面板指出，烟灰（碳质PM）在全球气候强迫和攀登变化的影响中起着重要作用，“包括改变生态系统，粮食生产的破坏，供水的破坏，对基础设施和定居点的损害，基础设施和定居点的损害，发病率和死亡率”。 PM的负面影响可以通过技术进步和法规降低。但是，如果没有工具来量化PM排放并了解其特性，则这些减少是不可能的。我的研究的主要重点是开发新颖的气溶胶仪器和技术来量化排放并了解PM对健康和气候的影响，以便可以制定适当的环境政策和法规。 这项发现赠款的目标是在两个重要的研究领域开发和使用新的分析技术，即：低成本PM传感器校准和烟灰的气候影响。 i）低成本PM传感器校准鉴于空气污染是一个主要的全球问题，因此低成本PM传感器的发展最近发生了爆炸。这些系统用于建筑通风（过滤）控制，在城市地区监测PM，工作场所危害和暴露识别以及发动机排放监测。但是，低成本PM传感器技术仍处于起步阶段，传感器开发人员正在使用间接测量技术来测量颗粒的质量。这是校准或表征这些传感器的系统所需的系统。该提案研究了两种校准这些传感器的方法。 ii）涂层烟灰的混合状态和光学性能在攀岩模型中一种不确定性的一个大源是由于大气中的有机材料涂料造成的。烟灰上的涂料对烟灰光学性质产生了两种竞争作用。涂层可能由于增强的折射（增强气候变暖）和/或可能导致烟灰塌陷而导致涂料的效果，这是由于表面张力（减少变暖）而导致的。该建议使用新颖的仪器来衡量和理解这些效果的幅度，并了解这些影响在大气中的相对重要性。