Drinking Water Quality, the Health of Older Americans, and Inequality

饮用水质量、美国老年人的健康和不平等

• 批准号: 10563581
• 负责人: Joseph Shapiro
• 金额: $ 79.94万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-12-01 至 2027-11-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10563581
• 关键词: Academia; Accident and Emergency department; Admission activity; Affect; American; Area; Arsenic; Cause of Death; Censuses; Characteristics; Chronic; Chronic Disease; Color; Communities; Consumption; Costs and Benefits; County; Data; Data Set; Databases; Digit structure; Disease Progression; Disinfection; Disparity population; Distributed Systems; Education; Elderly; Electronics; Emergency department visit; Ensure; Environmental Health; Ethnic Origin; FOIA Requests; Federal Government; Freedom; Funding; Geography; Government; Health; Health Benefit; Health Status; Healthcare; Hospitalization; Household; Human; Incidence; Income; Individual; Inequality; Infrastructure; Inpatients; Intervention; Investments; Knowledge; Lead; Link; Location; Longevity; Low income; Maps; Measurement; Measures; Medical; Medicare; Outcome; Paper; Plants; Policies; Policy Maker; Pollution; Population; Poverty; Prevalence; Public Health; Quasi-experiment; Race; Reading; Records; Regulation; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Running; Services; Shapes; Single Parent; Statistical Models; Structure; Surface; System; Time; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Variant; Vulnerable Populations; Water; Water Pollutants; Water Pollution; Water Purification; beneficiary; burden of illness; cost; demographics; drinking water; ground water; improved; insight; mortality; pathogen; pollutant; public database; public drinking; residence; response; vulnerable community; water quality; water treatment

PROJECT SUMMARY Clean drinking water is crucial to human health and longevity. Despite enormous improvements in water treatment over the early 20th century, drinking water pollution remains a critical threat to US public health, particularly for older people and individuals with chronic conditions. In an effort to protect public health, federal regulations set drinking water quality standards and regulate the public water purification systems and pipes that carry treated water to households for human consumption. An estimated $473 billion in current national construction funding is needed to achieve compliance with drinking water standards, even as much remains unknown about how polluted drinking water affects health, especially among older Americans. Policy debates about drinking water regulations highlight the need for an improved understanding of the benefits and costs of drinking water regulations, including determining whether drinking water investments should be increased and ensuring that safe drinking water remains accessible and affordable to vulnerable communities. This project seeks to add substantially to the existing stock of knowledge about the health effects of drinking water pollution by studying the effects of large federal loans intended to upgrade drinking water treatment plants that service residential communities. By harnessing quasi-experimental variation in loan receipt, the project will examine how these loans affect drinking water pollution and how they shape short- and long-run mortality and disease burdens among older Americans. Because some loans target specific pollutants, like arsenic or pathogens, the analysis will examine the extent to which these loans specifically affect the pollutants they target and the health conditions associated with those pollutants. To enable this research, the project will compile the most complete set of records on drinking water systems linked to pollution measures based on Freedom of Information Act requests made to each of the 50 states. These data will be posted online to catalyze broader research on drinking water pollution and health. This project will combine these drinking water records with the most comprehensive individual-level health dataset—Medicare administrative data for 100% of beneficiaries—allowing for rigor, accuracy, and generalizability of findings. Beneficiary identifiers will allow us to follow individuals over time regardless of whether and where they relocate, with minimal attrition. The Medicare data provide the 9-digit zip code of residence, allowing the analysis to pinpoint the location of individuals more precisely than prior research. In addition, the analysis will examine the extent to which low-income communities and communities of color benefit equally from drinking water improvement policies, both in spending and health terms, and it will summarize the distribution of drinking water quality by household race, income, and other important demographics.

项目概要 尽管水资源取得了巨大进步，但清洁饮用水对人类健康和长寿至关重要。 20世纪初以来，饮用水污染仍然是美国公共卫生的一个严重威胁， 特别是对于老年人和患有慢性病的人，为了保护公众健康，联邦。 法规制定了饮用水质量标准并规范了公共水净化系统和管道 将水输送到经过处理的家庭供人类消费 目前全国估计耗资 4,730 亿美元。 需要建设资金来达到饮用水标准，即使还有很多资金 不知道受污染的饮用水如何影响健康，尤其是在美国老年人中。 关于饮用水的法规强调需要更好地了解饮用水的效益和成本 饮用水法规，包括确定是否应增加饮用水投资以及 确保弱势社区能够获得并负担得起安全饮用水。 力求大幅增加有关饮用水污染对健康影响的现有知识 通过研究旨在升级服务的饮用水处理厂的大型联邦贷款的影响 通过利用贷款收据的准实验变化，该项目将研究如何 这些贷款影响饮用水污染及其如何影响短期和长期死亡率和疾病负担 由于一些贷款针对的是特定污染物，例如砷或病原体，因此该分析针对的是美国老年人。 将审查这些贷款具体影响其目标污染物和健康状况的程度 为了开展这项研究，该项目将编制最完整的数据集。 根据《信息自由法》的要求，与污染措施相关的饮用水系统记录 这些数据将发布到 50 个州的网上，以促进更广泛的饮用水研究。 该项目将把这些饮用水记录与最全面的数据结合起来。 个人层面的健康数据集——100%受益人的医疗保险管理数据——考虑到严格性， 受益人标识符的准确性和普遍性将使我们能够随着时间的推移跟踪个人。 无论他们是否搬迁以及搬迁到何处，医疗保险数据都会提供 9 位数的邮政编码。 居住代码，使分析能够比之前的研究更准确地确定个人的位置。 此外，该分析还将研究低收入社区和有色人种社区在多大程度上 在支出和健康方面同样受益于饮用水改善政策，并且它将 按家庭种族、收入和其他重要因素总结饮用水质量的分布情况 人口统计。