Causal mechanisms of habitual rule selection

习惯性规则选择的因果机制

• 批准号: 10113362
• 负责人: Ian Connors Ballard
• 金额: $ 6.64万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-01-23 至 2023-01-22
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10113362
• 关键词: Address; Aftercare; Anterior; Arbitration; Area; Attention; Behavioral; Brain; Brain Injuries; Cities; Cognition; Cognitive; Color; Consumption; Corpus striatum structure; Cues; Development; Disease; Dopamine; Drug abuse; Etiology; Fellowship; Foundations; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Future; Goals; Habits; Health; Human; Impairment; Knowledge; Lead; Location; Mental Depression; Mental Health; Mental disorders; Methods; Mission; Motion; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Pattern; Performance; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Prefrontal Cortex; Psyche structure; Psychiatric therapeutic procedure; Psychological reinforcement; Public Health; Recording of previous events; Recycling; Research; Response to stimulus physiology; Rewards; Role; Route; Scanning; Scientist; Somatosensory Cortex; Substance Addiction; Synapses; Synaptic plasticity; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; United States National Institutes of Health; Work; addiction; base; behavioral response; clinically relevant; cognitive neuroscience; design; flexibility; improved; inferior frontal sulcus; innovation; nervous system disorder; neural network; neurofeedback; neuroimaging; neuromechanism; programs; relating to nervous system; sensory stimulus; tool

Project Summary The flexible application of rules according to context is a critical component of healthy cognition. For example, most people can apply different recycling rules in different cities. Inflexibility in rule selection is a salient feature of a number neurological disorders impacting mental health, including obsessive compulsive disorder, depression and drug abuse. Clinicians and scientists lack a clear characterization of the mechanistic factors that underlie the development of maladaptive behavioral inflexibility. I introduce the term rule habit to describe inflexibility in rule selection. Habits have two key consequences: they improve performance of the habitized action, and they impair performance of alternatives. Habits allow you to drive on a familiar route without paying attention, while interfering with your ability to make detours if your plans change. Similarly, a rule habit has two consequences in our task: 1) Facilitated execution of the habitized rule and 2) impaired execution of the alternative rule. This proposal uses converging causal neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) tools to target mechanisms thought to contribute to rule habits. Both Aims use a task in which subjects are cued to apply one of two possible rules to a perceptual stimulus. Aim 1 tests whether reward reinforcement of a neural network representing a rule is sufficient to create a rule habit. I will use established methods to define networks representing each rule in prefrontal cortex. I will use real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) to trigger reward delivery during periods of elevated activation in one of the two rule networks. I predict that performance of the targeted rule will improve while performance of the non-targeted rule will be impaired. Aim 2 tests whether increasing synaptic plasticity in the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS), which represents rules, is sufficient to enhance the acquisition of a rule habit. I will use noninvasive neurostimulation, intermittent theta-burst TMS (tbTMS), to transiently reduce the threshold for synaptic plasticity in the targeted region of cortex. Subjects will receive tbTMS to either IFS or somatosensory cortex (S1), a control region. After treatment with tbTMS, subjects will undergo behavioral training on one rule. I predict that the training will create a rule habit for both the IFS and S1 groups, but that tbTMS over IFS will cause a stronger rule habit. The proposed techniques are innovative strategies for addressing how rule habits emerge as well as invaluable fellowship training goals. The Sponsor’s lab and UC Berkeley have abundant support and expertise for acquiring this training. The application of non-invasive neurotriggering and neurostimulation techniques will allow directional delineation of neural mechanisms of rule habits, unachievable with common correlational (i.e., neuroimaging) techniques alone. The proposed studies lay the foundation for future work that will investigate how neurostimulation can be used to disrupt maladaptive behavioral inflexibility in both health and disease.

项目概要 根据上下文灵活应用规则是健康认知的关键组成部分。 大多数人可以在不同的城市应用不同的回收规则，规则选择不灵活是一个显着特征。 许多影响心理健康的神经系统疾病，包括强迫症， 临床医生和科学家缺乏对抑郁症和药物滥用的机制因素的明确描述。 是形成适应不良的行为僵化的基础。 我引入“规则习惯”一词来描述规则选择的不灵活性，它会产生两个关键后果： 它们可以提高习惯行为的表现，也可以削弱其他习惯的表现。 在熟悉的路线上行驶而不集中注意力，同时如果您的 同样，规则习惯对我们的任务有两个影响：1）促进习惯的执行。 规则和 2) 替代规则的执行受损。该提案使用会聚因果神经影像学和 经颅磁刺激（TMS）工具针对被认为有助于规则习惯的机制。 这两个目标都使用一项任务，其中提示受试者将两种可能的规则之一应用于感知 目标 1 测试代表规则的神经网络的奖励强化是否足以创建刺激。 我将使用既定的方法来定义代表前额皮质中的每个规则的网络。 使用实时功能磁共振成像 (rtfMRI) 在 我预测两个规则网络之一的激活程度将会提高。 而非目标规则的性能将会受到损害。 目标 2 测试是否增加额下沟 (IFS) 的突触可塑性，这代表 规则，足以增强规则习惯的习得，我会使用无创神经刺激，间歇性的。 theta-burst TMS (tbTMS)，暂时降低目标区域突触可塑性的阈值 治疗后，受试者将接受 IFS 或体感皮层 (S1) 的 tbTMS。 通过 tbTMS，受试者将接受一项规则的行为训练，我预测训练将形成一种规则习惯。 对于 IFS 和 S1 组，但 ​​tbTMS 优于 IFS 会导致更强烈的规则习惯。 所提出的技术是解决规则习惯如何出现以及 资助者的实验室和加州大学伯克利分校拥有宝贵的奖学金培训目标。 为了获得这种培训，将应用非侵入性神经触发和神经刺激技术。 允许对规则习惯的神经机制进行定向描绘，这是普通相关性无法实现的（即， 所提出的研究为未来的研究工作奠定了基础。 如何使用神经刺激来打破健康和疾病中的适应不良行为僵化。