Understanding delay discounting in cigarette smokers

了解吸烟者的延迟折扣

基本信息

批准号：
8040694
负责人：
AMY ODUM
金额：
$ 28万
依托单位：
UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2011-02-15 至 2016-01-31
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and substantial efforts have documented and publicized the associated hazards. Despite widespread knowledge of the inherent dangers, though, over 20% of the population still smokes. This proposal is designed to understand one of the basic mechanisms that may underlie such profound apparent disregard for one's health: delay discounting. Delay discounting refers to the way that consequences lose value when they are not immediate. Things that will happen to us in the distant future have less power to motivate us than things that will happen right away. If a person is sensitive to only relatively short-term outcomes, it is considered a form of impulsivity. Cigarette smokers have been found to discount future monetary outcomes more so than non-smokers. Recent research indicates that the degree to which a person discounts future monetary outcomes is predictive of whether they will become a smoker, and how much difficulty they will have quitting once they are a smoker. Thus, delay discounting is an important individual vulnerability characteristic related to smoking. The purpose of this proposal is to provide a basic understanding of steep discounting of future consequences in cigarette smokers. For example, despite the clarity of findings on discounting of money by smokers and non-smokers, we do not yet know the extent and generality of steep discounting in cigarette smokers. It could be that they discount a variety of outcomes more so than non-smokers, or their steep discounting could be limited to cigarettes and money, which is used to purchase cigarettes. We also do not understand the role and mechanisms of nicotine withdrawal in generating insensitivity to delayed consequences. While some limited information suggests smokers may become more impulsive during withdrawal, we do not know the extent to which this is a general phenomenon and whether it is related to particular aspects of withdrawal, like disruptions in short-term memory and negative affect. Finally, cigarette smokers are particularly impulsive with respect to cigarettes, for reasons that are not understood. We propose to investigate some of the basic features of cigarettes that differ from money (direct consumption, single alternative available) to see if they produce steep discounting by delay. The goals of this proposal are important in the understanding the maladaptive shortsighted actions of cigarette smokers, and could further the development of more effective prevention and cessation strategies. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project is relevant to public health because it will further our understanding of why cigarette smokers seem so insensitive to the delayed negative consequences of their behavior. As a result, we may help to develop new strategies to prevent people from starting to smoke, as well as to help them quit successfully if they already smoke.

描述（由申请人提供）：吸烟是美国可预防死亡的主要原因，并且已经证明并宣传了相关危害。尽管人们对固有的危险有广泛的了解，但仍有20％以上的人口仍在吸烟。该提案旨在了解一种基本机制之一，可能是如此明显地无视健康的基本机制：延迟折扣。延迟折现是指后果在不立即失去价值的方式。在遥远的未来，我们会发生的事情比立即发生的事情要少。如果一个人仅对相对短期的结果敏感，则被认为是一种冲动的形式。与非吸烟者相比，已经发现吸烟者更享受未来的货币成果。最近的研究表明，一个人打折未来的货币成果的程度可以预测他们是否会成为吸烟者，以及一旦吸烟者就会戒烟有多大的困难。因此，延迟打折是与吸烟有关的重要个体脆弱性特征。该提案的目的是对吸烟者的未来后果进行基本了解。例如，尽管发现吸烟者和非吸烟者对金钱打折的发现清晰，但我们尚不知道吸烟者陡峭的折扣的程度和一般性。他们可能比非吸烟者更折腾各种结果，或者他们的陡峭折扣可能仅限于用于购买香烟的香烟和金钱。我们也不了解尼古丁戒断在对延迟后果产生不敏感性方面的作用和机制。尽管一些有限的信息表明吸烟者在退出期间可能会变得更加冲动，但我们不知道这是一种普遍现象的程度，以及它是否与戒断的特定方面有关，例如短期记忆和负面影响。最后，由于尚不理解的原因，吸烟者在香烟方面特别冲动。我们建议调查与金钱不同的香烟的一些基本特征（直接消费，单一的替代品），以查看它们是否会延迟产生陡峭的折扣。该提案的目标对于了解吸烟者的适应不良的短视行为很重要，并可以进一步发展更有效的预防和停止策略。公共卫生相关性：该项目与公共卫生有关，因为它将进一步了解为什么吸烟者对吸烟者的行为延迟负面后果不敏感。结果，我们可能会帮助制定新的策略，以防止人们开始吸烟，并在他们已经吸烟的情况下成功退出。