Targeting the B Cell Response to Treat Antibody-Mediated Rejection

靶向 B 细胞反应来治疗抗体介导的排斥反应

• 批准号: 10636822
• 负责人: Stuart Johnston Knechtle
• 金额: $ 258.25万
• 依托单位: DUKE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-08-20 至 2028-05-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10636822
• 关键词: Affect; Allogenic; Allografting; American; Antibodies; Antibody Therapy; Antibody-Producing Cells; Arteritis; B cell therapy; B-Cell Activation; B-Lymphocytes; Binding; Biological Assay; Biopsy; Cell Communication; Cell Compartmentation; Cell physiology; Cells; Chronic; Clinical; Cluster Analysis; Conduct Clinical Trials; Controlled Study; Cytomegalovirus; Data; Diagnosis; Dialysis procedure; End stage renal failure; Ensure; Ethics; Failure; Graft Survival; Half-Life; Healthcare; Heart Transplantation; Hemodialysis; Histologic; Human; Image Analysis; Immune; Immune Targeting; Immune system; Immunity; Immunologics; Infection; Inflammation; Injury; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Intravenous Immunoglobulins; Investigational Therapies; Isoantibodies; Kidney; Kidney Transplantation; Level of Evidence; Life; Longevity; Lung Transplantation; Lymphocyte Activation; Malignant Neoplasms; Measures; Mediating; Memory; Memory B-Lymphocyte; Methods; Modeling; Monitor; Organ Donor; Organ Transplantation; Outcome; Patient-Focused Outcomes; Patients; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phase; Phase I/II Clinical Trial; Plasma Cells; Plasmablast; Plasmapheresis; Population; Predisposition; Prevention; Process; Prognosis; Proteasome Inhibition; Proteasome Inhibitor; Proteinuria; Public Health; Randomized; Reaction; Regimen; Renal function; Resistance; Risk; Risk Assessment; Safety; Solid; Standardization; Structure of germinal center of lymph node; Surrogate Markers; System; T-Lymphocyte; Testing; Therapeutic Uses; Time; Transplant Recipients; Transplantation; Treatment Efficacy; Tubular formation; United States; Visual; antibody-mediated rejection; care costs; comparison control; deep learning; desensitization; digital; digital imaging; donor-specific antibody; effective therapy; experience; health goals; human data; improved; improved outcome; infection risk; interstitial; kidney biopsy; machine learning algorithm; mortality; nonhuman primate; novel; pathogen; post-transplant; predict clinical outcome; predicting response; prevent; prospective; public health relevance; response; restoration; retransplantation; rituximab; targeted treatment; tool; treatment comparison; treatment response; whole slide imaging

ABSTRACT Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) of solid organ transplants is the leading cause of immunologic graft injury, shortening the half-life of transplants and consequently of transplant recipients. This immunologically mediated process depends on B lymphocyte activation with differentiation to plasma cells (PC) that produce antibodies to the donor organ. Once established, antibodies have proven difficult to eradicate. Establishing an effective and safe way to treat patients with established AMR would potentially increase the half-life of transplanted organs, extend the lives of patients, and reduce the need for re-transplantation, ultimately increasing the number of patients who could receive life-saving organ transplants. Our lab has described an effective therapy in a non- human primate (NHP) sensitized model of kidney transplantation for lowering donor-specific antibody (DSA) and preventing injury from AMR. The treatment depends on PC depletion in combination with germinal center disorganization which together lower alloantibody levels. Dual targeting of the immune system by complementary drugs is based on NHP and human data using a proteasome inhibitor and belatacept. B cell activation and differentiation is inhibited at the same time that PC are depleted. Consequently, DSA declines, inflammation in the kidney resolves, and renal function stabilizes. The impact of this intervention on infection risk is not well defined but is anticipated to increase. We propose to measure the impact of therapy on both HLA-specific and pathogen-specific B memory cells and PC. We hypothesize that there is a hierarchy of susceptibility to therapy, with protective immunity being more resistant than allogeneic B cell memory. We will evaluate the impact of the regimen on T-cell function focusing on cytomegalovirus (CMV). Current therapy of late AMR using therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) with or without rituximab has shown variable results and frequent rebound of DSA. A low level of evidence supports the efficacy of these treatments, implying a tremendous need for well-conducted clinical trials to guide treatment of AMR. We propose a Phase I/II randomized, controlled, prospective interventional study of AMR in human kidney transplant patients using combined carfilzomib/belatacept (C/B) therapy with TPE and IVIG compared to TPE/IVIG alone. Outcomes will include the clinical impact of therapy on AMR using the recently validated iBox score for AMR assessment and the number and type of infections using standardized definitions of infection. We will measure the impact of therapy on HLA and pathogen-associated B memory and PC as well as CMV-specific polyfunctional T-cells. We will assess computational digital imaging analysis of AMR non-visual biopsy features to assess whether machine learning algorithms can improve on Banff criteria of AMR to better guide treatment and predict clinical outcome. Since late active and chronic active AMR have such a poor prognosis for kidney transplant patients, we believe that this trial is ethically justified and would potentially yield important safety and preliminary efficacy data that may lead to improved immune management of transplant patients.

抽象的 实体器官移植的抗体介导的排斥反应（AMR）是免疫移植物损伤的主要原因， 缩短移植物的半衰期，从而缩短移植受者的半衰期。这种免疫介导的 该过程取决于 B 淋巴细胞活化并分化为浆细胞 (PC)，产生抗体 供体器官。事实证明，抗体一旦形成就很难根除。建立有效且 治疗已确定 AMR 患者的安全方法可能会延长移植器官的半衰期， 延长患者的生命，减少再次移植的需要，最终增加患者的数量 可以接受挽救生命的器官移植的患者。我们的实验室描述了一种有效的非治疗方法 人灵长类动物 (NHP) 肾移植致敏模型，用于降低供者特异性抗体 (DSA) 和 防止 AMR 造成的伤害。治疗取决于 PC 消耗与生发中心的结合 破坏，同时降低同种抗体水平。通过互补作用实现免疫系统的双重靶向 药物是基于 NHP 和使用蛋白酶体抑制剂和贝拉西普的人体数据。 B细胞激活和 PC 耗尽的同时分化受到抑制。因此，DSA 下降，炎症 肾脏消退，肾功能稳定。这种干预措施对感染风险的影响并不好 已确定，但预计会增加。我们建议衡量治疗对 HLA 特异性和 病原体特异性 B 记忆细胞和 PC。我们假设对治疗的敏感性有一个等级， 保护性免疫比同种异体 B 细胞记忆更具抵抗力。我们将评估此次事件的影响 针对 T 细胞功能的治疗方案，重点关注巨细胞病毒 (CMV)。目前晚期 AMR 的治疗方法是使用治疗剂 血浆置换 (TPE) 和静脉注射免疫球蛋白 (IVIG) 联合或不联合利妥昔单抗显示出不同的结果 结果和 DSA 频繁反弹。支持这些治疗效果的证据水平较低，这意味着 迫切需要进行良好的临床试验来指导 AMR 的治疗。我们建议进行第一阶段/第二阶段 人类肾移植患者 AMR 的随机、对照、前瞻性介入研究 与单独使用 TPE/IVIG 相比，卡非佐米/贝拉西普 (C/B) 联合 TPE 和 IVIG 治疗。结果将 包括使用最近验证的 AMR 评估 iBox 评分来评估治疗对 AMR 的临床影响，以及 使用感染的标准化定义来确定感染的数量和类型。我们将衡量影响 针对 HLA 和病原体相关 B 记忆和 PC 以及 CMV 特异性多功能 T 细胞的治疗。我们 将评估 AMR 非视觉活检特征的计算数字成像分析，以评估机器是否 学习算法可以改进 AMR 的班夫标准，以更好地指导治疗和预测临床结果。 由于晚期活动性和慢性活动性 AMR 对于肾移植患者的预后很差，我们认为 这项试验在伦理上是合理的，并且可能会产生重要的安全性和初步疗效数据， 可能会改善移植患者的免疫管理。