Promoting Parallel Parenting: Putting Children First during High-Conflict Divorce and Separation (PCF)

促进平行养育：在高度冲突的离婚和分居期间将孩子放在第一位（PCF）

• 批准号: 10757876
• 负责人: Jeremy Austin Jones
• 金额: $ 28.81万
• 依托单位: IRIS MEDIA, INC.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-08-15 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10757876
• 关键词: Address; Adoption; Agreement; Anger; Behavior; Behavior Therapy; Behavioral; Businesses; Child; Child Rearing; Child Support; Childhood; Conflict (Psychology); Consumption; Couples; Development; Divorce; Educational Intervention; Evidence based practice; Expenditure; Family; Family Process; Grief reaction; Health; Hearing; Hour; Indiana; Individual; Instruction; Intervention; Interview; Justice; Knowledge; Laws; Legal; Literature; Litigation; Mental Health; Mental disorders; Modeling; Motivation; Oregon; Outcome; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting Education; Parents; Personal Satisfaction; Persons; Phase; Population; Process; Protocols documentation; Randomized; Randomized, Controlled Trials; Reporting; Research Activity; Research Design; Resources; Risk; Risk Factors; Self Efficacy; Site; Social Adjustment; Stress; Structure; Substance abuse problem; System; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Training Activity; Treatment Efficacy; Triage; Trust; adverse childhood events; adverse outcome; court; design; digital; digital delivery; divorce/separation; effective intervention; evidence base; experience; family management; family support; fighting; follow-up; implementation framework; improved; interest; motivational enhancement therapy; online intervention; prevent; programs; prototype; psychologic; psychosocial; recruit; stressor; study population; substance use; usability; verbal; willingness

Parental divorce and separation constitute an adverse childhood experience and a risk factor for a number of childhood behavioral, psychological, and academic problems. The act of parental divorce or separation does not in itself cause adverse outcomes in children. Rather, co-occurring negative family processes, particularly high inter-parental conflict (HIC), explain most of the variance. Although many families experience conflict in the first year after divorce, it typically decreases over time. In contrast to normal conflict, for 10%-25% of couples, HIC endures and puts children at risk for negative outcomes. The literature broadly defines HIC following divorce and separation to include anger, an extreme lack of trust, unresolved grief, hostile contempt, uncooperative co-parenting, verbal and physical fighting, and legal conflict between the parents. Courts are moving towards triaged approaches to manage family law cases. Aligned with this model, almost every state or local jurisdiction requires parents to complete a brief (3- to 4-hour), universal parenting education course before finalizing a divorce. Unfortunately, existing court-mandated universal parent education interventions fail to address the unique parenting challenges presented by HIC separation. There is a critical need to develop interventions to ameliorate negative consequences for children of divorcing and separating parents with HIC. To meet this need, we propose to develop and evaluate Putting Children First (PCF), an affordable and highly scalable online intervention featuring digitally adapted motivational interviewing strategies paired with evidence-based parent training resources. In contrast to most universal parenting interventions provided by family courts that promote co-parenting, PCF emphasizes parallel parenting, a strategy that we hypothesize to be more effective for families experiencing HIC. The proposed PCF intervention will be based on Parent Management Program-Oregon (PMTO), a well- established, in-person parenting intervention shown to improve child, parent, and family outcomes. Although PMTO is effective when adapted for divorcing parents, it has not been adapted nor systematically evaluated for couples experiencing HIC during separation. The PCF intervention will identify and overcome barriers to engagement with this population by incorporating brief motivational interviewing, a strategy that increases an individual's motivation to make behavioral changes by focusing on their need for and reasons for change. The project incorporates three aims in two phases. In Phase I, we aim to complete four tasks: (1) interview judicial stakeholders to tailor the implementation framework and approach to meet the needs of the court system administration; (2) conduct design research to adapt the instructional and motivational approach to parents with HIC involved in a separation or divorce; (3) develop content for four training modules and a high-fidelity prototype of the course site; (4) assess usability of the prototype using a think-aloud protocol and follow-up semi-structured interviews with parents with HIC. In Phase II, Aim 1, the project team will engage in design research to complete content development for the PCF intervention. In Aim 2, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted with 250 dyads (i.e., divorcing/divorced/separated parents with HIC) to evaluate the PCF intervention. Dyads will be recruited through a partnership with the Indiana Supreme Court and will be randomized to business as usual (BAU) or to BAU+PCF. We hypothesize that: 1. Compared to BAU, BAU+PCF will (a) increase parent self‐efficacy, (b) decrease parental stress, (c) increase parental knowledge, (d) increase parental motivation to engage with the intervention, (f) improve the quality of parent-child relationships, and (g) improve parent-reported child stress and prosocial behaviors. 2. Parents with higher levels of conflict will be more responsive to parallel parenting, and increased parallel parenting among HIC dyads will reduce child adjustment problems.

父母离婚和分居构成了不良的童年经历，也是许多人的危险因素。 父母离婚或分居行为会导致儿童行为、心理和学业问题。 其本身不会对儿童造成不良后果，相反，同时发生的负面家庭过程尤其如此。 父母之间的高度冲突（HIC）解释了大部分差异，尽管许多家庭都经历过冲突。 离婚后的第一年，这种冲突通常会随着时间的推移而减少，而正常冲突则为 10%-25%。 对于夫妻而言，HIC 会持续存在，并使孩子面临负面结果的风险。文献对 HIC 进行了广泛的定义。 离婚和分居后，包括愤怒、极度缺乏信任、未解决的悲伤、敌意的蔑视、 父母之间不合作的共同养育、言语和肢体冲突以及法律冲突。 法院正在采取与这种模式相一致的分类方法来管理家庭法案件。 几乎每个州或地方司法管辖区都要求家长完成一份简短的（3 至 4 小时）通用育儿报告 离婚前的教育课程不幸的是，现有的法院规定的普及家长教育 干预措施未能解决 HIC 分居带来的独特育儿挑战。 需要制定干预措施，以减轻离婚和分居对儿童的负面影响 患有 HIC 的父母。 为了满足这一需求，我们建议开发和评估儿童优先（PCF），这是一种负担得起的、 高度可扩展的在线干预，具有数字化适应的动机访谈策略以及 与大多数普遍的育儿干预措施相比，基于证据的家长培训资源。 家庭法庭提倡共同养育，PCF 强调平行养育，这是我们勇敢采取的策略 对经历 HIC 的家庭更有效。 拟议的 PCF 干预措施将基于俄勒冈州家长管理计划 (PMTO)，这是一个完善的 已证实的、面对面的育儿干预措施可以改善儿童、父母和家庭的结果。 PMTO 在适用于离婚父母时是有效的，但尚未适用或系统评估 PCF 干预将识别并克服分居期间经历 HIC 的障碍。 通过结合简短的动机性访谈来与这一人群进行接触，这一策略可以增加 个人通过关注改变的需要和原因来改变行为的动机。 该项目分为两个阶段，包括三个目标。 第一阶段，我们的目标是完成四项任务：（1）访谈司法利益相关者以制定实施方案 满足法院系统管理需求的框架和方法；（2）进行设计研究 对分居或离婚的 HIC 父母采取指导和激励方法 (3) 开发四个培训模块的内容和课程网站的高保真原型；(4) 评估可用性 该原型使用出声思考协议以及对 HIC 家长进行后续半结构化访谈。 在第二阶段目标 1 中，项目团队将进行设计研究以完成内容开发 在目标 2 中，将进行一项 250 组受试者的随机对照试验（即， 将招募患有 HIC 的离婚/离婚/分居父母来评估 PCF 干预。 通过与印第安纳州最高法院的合作，将随机分为一切照常 (BAU) 或 BAU+PCF。 1. 与 BAU 相比，BAU+PCF 将 (a) 提高父母的自我效能，(b) 减少父母的压力，(c) 增加家长的知识，(d) 增加家长参与干预的动力，(f) 改善 亲子关系的质量，以及 (g) 改善家长报告的儿童压力和亲社会行为。 2. 冲突程度较高的父母会对平行养育更敏感，并增加平行养育 高收入家庭二人组中的养育方式将减少儿童适应问题。