Sustainable Household Energy Adoption in Rwanda (SHEAR): Promoting Rural Health with Solar and Natural Gas

卢旺达可持续家庭能源采用（SHEAR）：利用太阳能和天然气促进农村健康

• 批准号: 10017997
• 负责人: Maggie Lynn Clark
• 金额: $ 66.96万
• 依托单位: COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-15 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10017997
• 关键词: Address; Adoption; Adult; Africa; American; Biomass; Blood Pressure; Carbon Black; Charcoal; Child; Climate; Clinical; Colorado; Communities; Complement; Cookstove; Costs and Benefits; Country; Data; Development; Economics; Energy-Generating Resources; Ensure; Exposure to; Female; Gases; Goals; Government; Growth; Guidelines; Health; Health Benefit; Heating; Home environment; Hour; Household; Household Air Pollution; Human; Human Rights; Infrastructure; Intervention; Kerosene; Lighting; Link; Measurement; Measures; Modeling; Modernization; Morbidity - disease rate; Natural Gas; Outcome Measure; Output; Participant; Petroleum; Planet Earth; Policies; Population; Privatization; Provider; Radiation; Randomized; Randomized Controlled Trials; Readiness; Research; Respiratory physiology; Risk Factors; Rural; Rural Health; Rwanda; Source; Technology; TimeLine; Universities; Woman; Wood material; Wood stove; Work; World Health Organization; aged; anthropogenesis; arm; base; burden of illness; clinically actionable; cooking; cost; design; energy balance; fine particles; improved; knowledge base; low and middle-income countries; male; men; mortality; prevent; public-private partnership; recruit; research study; response; rural area; secondary endpoint; solid fuel; treatment arm

Abstract Exposure to household air pollution from the use of traditional energy sources is a top-ten risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emissions from traditional energy sources in the home create unhealthy levels of household air pollution and the issue is pervasive. Approximately 3 billion people rely on fuels like wood, charcoal, and kerosene to support needs such as cooking, heating, and lighting. Approximately 80% of the population in Rwanda uses such fuels, making exposure to household air pollution the 3rd leading contributor to the burden of disease in this country. Exposure to household air pollution is also a problem in the developed world. Nearly 30 million Americans burn solid fuels as their primary source of heating energy. Nearly 50 years of research on ‘cleaner’ household energy technologies has demonstrated only modest global impact, due to a combination of economic, cultural, and technologic barriers that prevent access to and usage of clean energy. A further limitation is that nearly all household energy interventions, to date, have focused on replacing only a single energy source (i.e., replacing just cooking, or just lighting) with a more modern technology. We propose to address these issues by conducting a randomized controlled trial that (1) focuses on total household energy (2) in a country that evinces readiness for alternative forms of energy, (3) by forming a public- private partnership to promote technological solutions that are consumer-focused and market sustainable, (4) by investigating outcome measures that are clinically actionable and strongly linked to morbidity/mortality, and (5) by developing project outputs that can inform policymakers with cost-benefit information. We hypothesize that a whole-house energy intervention (replacing all primitive forms of energy within the home with cleaner, modern forms) will produce meaningful reductions in household air pollution and health benefits in rural Rwandan homes. The randomized controlled trial will substitute traditional forms of household energy (biomass for cooking and kerosene for lighting) with solar power and liquefied petroleum gas stoves in rural Rwanda. Participants will be followed for 3 years with repeated measurements of household air pollution exposure (24-hour fine particulate matter and black carbon), energy usage, and health. Primary health endpoints will include blood pressure in adult women and men and lung-function growth in children; secondary health endpoints include blood pressure in children and lung-function change in adults. The long-term goals of this research are to increase the clinical knowledge-base on the health effects on household air pollution, to demonstrate that a whole-house energy intervention will produce meaningful household air pollution reductions and health benefits in rural Rwandan homes, to elucidate the relationship between fuel subsidy levels and household air pollution exposure, and to demonstrate that scalable solutions to the household air pollution disease burden are achievable via public-private-governmental partnerships.

抽象的 使用传统能源受到家庭空气污染的暴露是发病率的前十个风险因素 和全球死亡率。来自家庭中传统能源的排放造成了不健康的水平 家庭空气污染和问题无处不在。大约30亿人依靠木材等燃料， 木炭和煤油以支持烹饪，加热和照明等需求。大约80％ 卢旺达的人口使用此类燃料，使暴露于家庭空气污染是第三主要的贡献者 这个国家的疾病伯宁。暴露于家庭空气污染也是发达的问题 世界。将近3000万美国人燃烧固体燃料是其供暖能源的主要来源。 关于“清洁”家庭能源技术的近50年的研究仅证明了适度的全球 由于经济，文化和技术障碍的结合而导致的影响，以阻止使用和使用 清洁能源。另一个限制是，迄今为止，几乎所有家庭能源干预措施都集中在 仅用更现代的技术替换单个能源（即仅替换烹饪或照明）。 我们建议通过进行一项随机对照试验来解决这些问题，该试验（1）侧重于总计 家庭能源（2）在一个证明替代形式的能源形式的国家中，（3）形成公共场所 私人合作伙伴关系，以促进以消费者为中心和可持续市场的技术解决方案，（4） 通过调查临床上可操作并与发病率/死亡率密切相关的结果措施， （5）通过开发项目产出，可以为决策者提供成本效益信息。我们假设 整个房屋的能源干预（用清洁剂代替房屋内的所有原始能源， 现代形式）将在卢旺达农村地区产生有意义的减少家庭空气污染和健康益处 房屋。随机对照试验将替代传统的家庭能源形式（用于烹饪的生物量） 和煤油用于照明）卢旺达农村地区的太阳能和液化石油炉。参与者会 遵循3年的重复测量，对家庭空气污染暴露（24小时特定 物质和黑碳），能源使用和健康。初级健康终点将包括血压 成年男女儿童的肺部功能增长；二级健康终点包括血压 在儿童和成人的肺部功能变化中。 这项研究的长期目标是增加对健康影响的临床知识库 家庭空气污染，以证明全室能源干预将产生有意义的 户外空气污染的减少和健康益处在粗糙的卢旺达房屋中，以阐明这种关系 在燃料补贴水平和家庭空气污染暴露之间，并证明可扩展的解决方案 家庭空气污染疾病伯恩可以通过公私政府的伙伴关系来实现。