Mechanisms underlying age-based stereotype threat effects

基于年龄的刻板印象威胁效应的潜在机制

基本信息

批准号：
10727593
负责人：
Sarah J Barber
金额：
$ 15.6万
依托单位：
GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2023
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2023-09-15 至 2025-09-14
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10727593
关键词：
Address Adverse effects Affect Affective Age Ageism Aging Attention Barbering Basic Science Behavioral Model Clinical Competence Computer Models Dementia Dependence Diffusion Discrimination Early Diagnosis Elderly Foundations Future Goals Health Impaired cognition Impairment Intervention Intervention Studies Investigation Knowledge Light Literature Loneliness Memory Mental Depression Meta-Analysis Modeling Motivation Outcome Performance Personal Satisfaction Persons Physical Performance Physiological Prejudice Prevention Process Research Research Personnel Resources Risk Sampling Short-Term Memory Stereotyping Task Performances Testing Theoretical model United States National Institutes of Health Woman Work age effect brief screening cognitive function cognitive performance cognitive testing executive function experience healthy aging innovation interest men mild cognitive impairment motivational processes negative affect performance tests response theories therapy development

项目摘要

PROJECT SUMMARY. There are pervasive negative stereotypes about older adults’ competence, and these pose a barrier to successful aging by making older adults vulnerable to prejudice, discrimination, and stereotype threat. This project focuses specifically on the adverse effects of age-based stereotype threat (ABST). We define ABST as occurring when people are placed in situations that cause them to worry about the possibility of confirming (or being judged in light of) a negative age-based stereotype. Problematically, there is now more than two decades of research showing that when older adults experience ABST they underperform on cognitive tests, including on the tests used in clinical settings to assess for cognitive decline and dementia, and this likely contributes to an overdiagnosis of early dementia or mild cognitive impairment in older adults. ABST is also associated with poorer health, increased loneliness and depression, and greater dependency in older adults. There is a critical need to develop effective ABST interventions. In doing so, the NIH Stage Model of Behavioral Intervention Research suggests that intervention development should draw upon primary research that identifies the mechanism(s) underlying the effect of interest. Unfortunately, even though the adverse effects of ABST are well-documented and ubiquitous, there is debate about their underlying mechanisms, which poses a barrier to intervention development. Within the literature, there is currently support for two competing ABST theoretical models – namely, the executive control interference account and the regulatory focus account. In an effort to better understand ABST mechanisms, researchers have often pitted competing predictions from these two accounts against one another. However, this approach precludes the possibility that both theoretical accounts are correct, and that ABST effects occur for multiple reasons. To address this possibility, we will be the first to use a well-validated computation model (i.e., the drift diffusion model) to examine how ABST affects the component processes of older adults’ working memory performance (i.e., the domain where ABST effects occur most robustly). Within this innovative approach, predictions from the two ABST theoretical accounts do not contradict one another, and it is therefore possible to obtain support for one, or both, of them. Disentangling hypotheses from these accounts is a key strength of our approach, and this project will thus provide the most nuanced understanding to date of why ABST effects occur. Another strength of this approach is the recognition that ABST effects may not be explained by any single mechanistic account, and may instead be due to a cascade of attentional, physiological, affective, and motivational processes that together impact performance. The knowledge gained from this NIH Stage 0 (basic research) project about why ABST effects occur will directly inform future ABST intervention work. For instance, if this project’s findings support both the regulatory focus and the executive control interference accounts of ABST, then the ideal intervention should draw upon both theoretical frameworks; thus, this project sets the stage for future NIH Stage 1 intervention development.

项目摘要。人们对老年人的能力普遍存在负面刻板印象，而这些使老年人容易受到偏见、歧视和刻板印象，从而对成功老龄化构成障碍该项目特别关注基于年龄的刻板印象威胁（ABST）的不利影响。 ABST 是指当人们处于使他们担心以下可能性的情况时，就会发生这种情况：确认（或根据）基于年龄的负面刻板印象存在问题，现在不仅仅是这样。二十年的研究表明，当老年人经历 ABST 时，他们在认知测试中表现不佳，包括在临床环境中用于评估认知能力下降和痴呆症的测试，这很可能 ABST 也是与老年人的健康状况较差、孤独和抑郁加剧以及依赖性更强有关。为此，迫切需要制定有效的 ABST 干预措施，NIH 阶段模型。行为干预研究表明干预措施的发展应借鉴初级研究不幸的是，尽管有不利影响，但它确定了潜在影响的机制。 ABST 的原理有据可查且无处不在，但对其基本机制存在争议，这构成了在文献中，目前存在对两种相互竞争的 ABST 的支持。理论模型——即执行控制干预账户和监管焦点账户。为了更好地理解 ABST 机制，研究人员经常与这些相互竞争的预测进行比较然而，这种方法排除了两种理论的可能性。帐户是正确的，并且 ABST 效应的发生有多种原因。为了解决这种可能性，我们将成为解决方案。首先使用经过充分验证的计算模型（即漂移扩散模型）来检查 ABST 如何影响老年人工作记忆表现的组成过程（即 ABST 效应发生的领域）在这种创新方法中，两个 ABST 理论帐户的预测并不成立。彼此矛盾，因此有可能获得对其中一个或两者的支持。来自这些账户的假设是我们方法的关键优势，因此该项目将提供最多的迄今为止，人们对 ABST 效应发生的原因有了细致入微的了解，这种方法的另一个优点是认识到。 ABST 效应可能无法用任何单一的机械解释来解释，而可能是由于级联效应注意力、生理、情感和动机过程共同影响绩效。从 NIH Stage 0（基础研究）项目中获得的关于为什么会发生 ABST 效应的知识直接告知未来的 ABST 干预工作，例如，该项目的研究结果是否支持监管。重点和 ABST 的执行控制干扰账户，那么理想的干预措施应借鉴两个理论框架；因此，该项目为未来 NIH 第一阶段干预的发展奠定了基础。