Motivational control of goal-directed actions and habits

对目标导向的行为和习惯的动机控制

• 批准号: 7876013
• 负责人: Brian J Wiltgen
• 金额: $ 7.7万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-04-01 至 2012-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7876013
• 关键词: Abstinence; Animals; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological Assay; Cues; Data; Drug Addiction; Environment; Extinction (Psychology); Feedback; Food; Funding; Future; Goals; Habits; Knowledge; Laboratories; Laws; Lead; Mediating; Modeling; Molecular Genetics; Motivation; Mus; Neurobiology; Operant Conditioning; Outcome; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Procedures; Process; Psychological reinforcement; Publications; Relapse; Rewards; Role; Schedule; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Unconscious State; Withdrawal; Yin; addiction; classical conditioning; compare effectiveness; craving; drug relapse; insight; motivated behavior; motivational processes; neuromechanism; public health relevance; reinforced behavior; research study; response; Abstinence; Animals; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological Assay; Cues; Data; Drug Addiction; Environment; Extinction (Psychology); Feedback; Food; Funding; Future; Goals; Habits; Knowledge; Laboratories; Laws; Lead; Mediating; Modeling; Molecular Genetics; Motivation; Mus; Neurobiology; Operant Conditioning; Outcome; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Procedures; Process; Psychological reinforcement; Publications; Relapse; Rewards; Role; Schedule; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Unconscious State; Withdrawal; Yin; addiction; classical conditioning; compare effectiveness; craving; drug relapse; insight; motivated behavior; motivational processes; neuromechanism; public health relevance; reinforced behavior; research study; response

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to examine the motivational effects of reward cues on habitual responding. Habits are behaviors that have become unconscious and automatic as a result of repeated pairings with reinforcement (A. Dickinson, 1985; H. H. Yin and B. J. Knowlton, 2006). They are elicited reflexively by stimuli in the environment and are not responsive to feedback. Not surprisingly then, habits play a major role in addiction where maladaptive behavior persists despite the fact that drugs lose their rewarding effects over time and produce many unwanted, aversive consequences (P. W. Kalivas and N. D. Volkow, 2005; T. W. Robbins et al., 2008). Although reward cues are known to influence goal-directed actions, the extent to which they motivate habitual responding has not been well characterized (P. C. Holland, 2004). This process is critical to our understanding of addiction, as environmental cues associated with drugs are major contributors to relapse (B. J. Everitt and T. W. Robbins, 2005; P. W. Kalivas and N. D. Volkow, 2005). The current experiments will examine this motivational process using operant conditioning techniques in mice. The purpose is to determine if habits are particularly responsive to reward cues compared to goal-directed actions. Animals will be trained to press levers in order to obtain food rewards. For some animals these rewards will be delivered on variable interval schedules (where reward is contingent on responding after a specific amount of time has passed) that have been shown to promote habitual responding. Other animals will be trained on ratio schedules (where reward delivery is contingent on the number of responses made), which have been shown to promote the acquisition of goal-directed actions (Dickinson, Nicholas, & Adams, 1983; Yin, Knowlton, & Balleine, 2004). The motivational effects of reward cues will be modeled with two procedures: Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) and reinstatement (Wiltgen, Law, Ostlund, Mayford, & Balleine, 2007). In the PIT procedure, environmental cues acquire significance as predictors of reward through Pavlovian conditioning and are then able to exert motivational control over instrumental actions (Colwill, 1988). Reinstatement is an assay of outcome-mediated initiation of instrumental behavior in which delivery of the reward itself primes and motivates behavior after a period of extinction (Delamater, 1997; Ostlund & Balline, 2007). Our prediction is that habitual responding will be more susceptible to the effects of reward cues (i.e. increased rate of responding) than goal-directed actions. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project will determine how automatic, unconscious behaviors called habits are motivated by reward cues in the environment. Habits are normally adaptive because they allow reliably reinforced behaviors to become efficient and automatic. However, they can also be maladaptive when they produce behaviors like those that maintain drug addiction. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which reward cues motivate habitual responding will lead to a better understanding of drug relapse and its underlying neural mechanisms.

描述（由申请人提供）：该项目的目的是检查奖励提示对习惯反应的动机影响。习惯是由于重复配对与增强配对而变得无意识和自动的行为（A. Dickinson，1985; H. H. yin和B. J. Knowlton，2006）。它们在环境中被刺激反射引起，并且对反馈没有反应。毫不奇怪，习惯在成瘾中起着重要作用，尽管药物随着时间的流逝而失去了有益的影响并产生许多不必要的，厌恶的后果，但不良适应性行为仍然存在（P. W. Kalivas和N. D. Volkow，2005; T. W. Robbins等人，2005年）。尽管已知奖励提示会影响目标指导的行动，但他们激励习惯反应的程度尚未得到很好的特征（P. C. Holland，2004年）。这个过程对于我们对成瘾的理解至关重要，因为与药物相关的环境提示是复发的主要因素（B. J. Everitt和T. W. Robbins，2005； P。W. Kalivas和N. D. Volkow，2005年）。当前的实验将使用小鼠中的操作调节技术检查这种动机。目的是确定与目标指导行动相比，习惯是否特别敏感奖励线索。将训练动物以压压杠杆以获得食物奖励。对于某些动物而言，这些奖励将以可变的间隔时间表（在特定时间通过后的响应取决于奖励取决于奖励），这些奖励已被证明可以促进习惯响应。其他动物将受到比例时间表的培训（奖励交付取决于做出的响应数量），这些响应的数量已被证明可以促进对目标指导的行动的获取（Dickinson，Nicholas和Adams，1983; Yin，Knowlton和Balleine，＆Balleine，2004）。奖励提示的动机效应将以两种程序进行建模：Pavlovian-nostrumental转移（PIT）和恢复原状（Wiltgen，Law，Ostlund，Mayford，Mayford和Balleine，2007年）。在坑的程序中，环境提示通过帕夫洛夫调节获得了奖励的预测指标，然后能够对工具行动进行动机控制（Colwill，1988）。恢复原状是结果介导的工具行为的启动的测定法，其中奖励本身的传递本身并在一段时间后激发了行为（Delamater，1997； Ostlund＆Balline，2007）。我们的预测是，习惯性响应将比目标指导的行动更容易受到奖励提示的影响（即响应率提高）。 公共卫生相关性：该项目将决定自动，无意识的行为被称为习惯的动机是由环境中的奖励提示所激发的。习惯通常是适应性的，因为它们允许可靠​​的加强行为变得高效和自动。但是，当它们产生像维持吸毒的行为一样，它们也可能是不良适应性的。因此，了解奖励提示激发习惯反应的机制将使对药物复发及其潜在的神经机制有更好的了解。