Effects of Spirits Privatization on Alcohol Prices and Alcohol-related Harms

烈酒私有化对酒精价格和酒精相关危害的影响

• 批准号: 8665844
• 负责人: William C Kerr
• 金额: $ 60.84万
• 依托单位: PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-05-25 至 2018-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8665844
• 关键词: Adult; Alcohol abuse; Alcohol consumption; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcohols; Attitude; Beer; Behavior; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Beverages; Bypass; California; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Communities; Consumption; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data; Data Sources; Drunk driving; Economics; Experimental Designs; Fees; Frequencies; Future; Geographic state; Government; Health; Hour; Idaho; Individual; Influentials; Internet; Lead; Location; Longitudinal Surveys; Marketing; Monitor; Natural experiment; Noise; Oregon; Outcome; Pattern; Perception; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Policies; Price; Privatization; Province; Public Health; Public Opinion; Public Policy; Regulation; Relative (related person); Research; Sales; Sampling; Scanning; Series; Social Problems; Statutes and Laws; Supermarket; Surveys; System; Taxation; Taxes; Time; Visit; Washington; Wine; Youth; adolescent alcohol; alcohol availability; alcohol behavior; alcohol policy information system; assault; base; cost; density; design; distilled alcoholic beverage; drinking; effectiveness research; experience; improved; public policy on alcohol; restraint; square foot; trend; underage drinking; vandalism

Voters in the state of Washington have approved Initiative 1183, which ends the state monopoly on spirits sales as of June 1, 2012 and removes a number of regulations related to distribution and pricing. Spirits producers will be allowed to sell directly to retailers, bypassing the wholesale tier. New state spirits taxes, designed to make up the significant lost revenues from the spirits monopoly, will be the highest in the US states. Because these taxes will now go on top of profits to distributors and retailers, we expect spirits prices to rise to well above current levels. Importantly, the initiative requires retail taxes to b listed separately from the base price so that consumers can clearly see the tax amount. Commercial proponents likely intended this to spark later efforts to reduce spirits taxes, making future revenues uncertain. Despite a minimum size requirement that will limit licensees to large alcohol super-stores, supermarkets and other large store types, outlet density for spirits is expected to increase substantially along with later hours of sale and greater shopping convenience. This availability increase may lead to greater spirits sales even though prices will increase, as this occurred after two retail privatizations in Canadian provinces that also resulted in higher retail prices in private stores. The proposed study was designed to evaluate impacts over time of these tax and availability increases and potential future changes such as a tax reduction. We propose to track implementation of regulations, revenues and prices and use state-representative cross- sectional and longitudinal surveys of Washington drinkers and residents to evaluate changes in drinking, purchasing, problems, attitudes and experiences following privatization and across later changes. The longitudinal survey will follow spirits drinkers to assess individual drinkers' changes in detailed purchasing and consumption behaviors. Cross-sectional survey waves will be conducted every six months to allow retrospective pre-and multiple-post analyses capturing both initial and any tax and market structural shifts occurring within 3 years. Retrospective questions will assess drinking and purchasing behavior before the privatization, facilitating analysis of change. Representative surveys from the CDC with cross-sectional waves both before and after privatization will also be utilized to evaluate changes in youth and adult drinking patterns. Brand-level price and sales series from the control system and from supermarkets after privatization will be obtained using archival data sources. Other store types will be monitored through the internet and store visits. Analyses will determine the effects of the privatization and later changes on prices, sales, state revenues, drinking and purchasing patterns, experiences of alcohol-related harms (including perceived harms from other people's drinking) and opinions regarding alcohol policies, spirits availability and prices. Results will inform debates regarding government control of alcohol sales, relevant to 18 remaining control states and on the three-tier system and alcohol taxation relevant to all US states.

华盛顿州选民批准了 1183 号倡议，该倡议自 2012 年 6 月 1 日起结束了国家对烈酒销售的垄断，并取消了一些与分销和定价相关的法规。烈酒生产商将被允许绕过批发层直接向零售商销售。新州烈酒税旨在使 烈酒垄断造成的重大收入损失将是美国各州最高的。由于这些税收现在将计入分销商和零售商的利润之上，因此我们预计烈酒价格将上涨至远高于当前水平。重要的是，该举措要求零售税与基本价格分开列出，以便消费者可以清楚地看到税额。商业支持者可能希望此举能够激发后来降低烈酒税的努力，从而使未来的收入变得不确定。尽管最小规模要求将限制被许可人进入大型酒类超市、超市和其他大型商店类型，但随着销售时间的延长和购物便利性的提高，烈酒的销售密度预计将大幅增加。尽管价格会上涨，但供应量的增加可能会导致烈酒销量增加，因为这是在加拿大各省两次零售私有化之后发生的，这也导致了 私人商店的零售价格较高。拟议的研究旨在评估这些税收和可用性增加以及未来潜在的变化（例如减税）随时间的影响。我们建议跟踪法规、收入和价格的实施情况，并利用对华盛顿饮酒者和居民的州代表性横断面和纵向调查来评估私有化后以及以后的变化在饮酒、购买、问题、态度和体验方面的变化。纵向调查将跟踪烈酒饮用者，评估个别饮用者在详细购买和消费行为方面的变化。横断面调查将每六个月进行一次，以便进行回顾性事前和事后多次分析，捕捉最初以及三年内发生的任何税收和市场结构变化。回顾性问题将评估私有化之前的饮酒和购买行为，从而促进对变化的分析。疾病预防控制中心对私有化前后的横截面调查进行的代表性调查也将用于评估青少年和成人饮酒模式的变化。来自控制系统和私有化后超市的品牌级价格和销售系列将使用档案数据源获得。其他商店类型将通过互联网和商店访问进行监控。分析将确定私有化和随后的变化对价格、销售、国家收入、饮酒和购买模式、与酒精相关的危害的经历（包括其他人饮酒的感知危害）以及有关酒精政策、烈酒供应和价格的意见的影响。结果将为有关政府对酒精销售的控制（与 18 个剩余控制州相关）以及与美国所有州相关的三级制度和酒精税的辩论提供信息。