Societal assumptions regarding typical personhood and their effects on reasoning development

关于典型人格的社会假设及其对推理发展的影响

• 批准号: 10389429
• 负责人: Rachel A Leshin
• 金额: $ 4.04万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-02-01 至 2025-01-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10389429
• 关键词: Address; Age; Belief; Biological; Biology; Categories; Child; Childhood; Clinical; Clinical Research; Clinical Trials; Complex; Development; Developmental Process; Distal; Environment; Environmental Risk Factor; Exposure to; Family; Female; Health; Health Care Costs; Income; Individual; Inequality; Institution; Internet; Knowledge; Learning; Neighborhoods; Omentum; Outcome; Parents; Pattern; Personhood; Persons; Plant Roots; Play; Politics; Process; Property; Race; Research; Rest; Sex Bias; Shapes; Social Environment; Societies; Source; Spheniscidae; Stream; System; Testing; United States; Woman; black men; black women; boys; cost; experience; gender diversity; gender nonconforming; girls; indexing; innovation; insight; male; member; men; men of color; middle childhood; novel; peer; preference; prevent; racial diversity; social; social culture

Project Summary This project will uncover the developmental processes by which children acquire the belief that White males represent the default person—a pattern rooted in the ideologies of androcentrism (centering the experiences of men) and ethnocentrism (centering the experiences of White people) prevalent in the United States. Despite national rises in racial and gender diversity, White men remain vastly overrepresented across a host of domains within the U.S., from media, to politics, to clinical research. Such overrepresentation poses severe costs to the rest of society—women of all races, men of color, and gender-nonconforming individuals— particularly within the domain of health, where clinical trials have historically prioritized the experiences, perspectives, and health outcomes of White men. To address this issue, we must understand when and how the tendency to view White males as default people develops across childhood, as well as the environmental factors that underlie this phenomenon. Specifically, we need to know (a) the developmental trajectory by which children’s default representations of people begin to favor Whiteness and maleness over other identities, (b) the specific domains across which children do (and do not) activate a White male default to guide social reasoning, and (c) the sociocultural and ecological factors that can prevent the development of these beliefs. Young children actively construct knowledge to make sense of their social environments. As part of this process, children absorb complex streams of information from the sources around them, including parents, peers, and broader societal institutions (e.g., media). Thus, the beliefs children acquire tend to reflect the dominant ideologies embedded in their specific cultural contexts: within the United States, androcentrism and ethnocentrism represent two such ideologies. The proposed research will uncover the ways in which children’s representations of the broad category people reflect both androcentrism and ethnocentrism. To this end, Aim 1 will reveal the developmental trajectory of children’s beliefs that White males—more so than Black males, White females, or Black females—best exemplify a person. Aim 2 will clarify the scope of children’s beliefs about who best exemplifies a person by testing the consistency of this belief across domains. Finally, Aim 3 will uncover the features of children’s sociocultural and ecological environments that underlie beliefs about who best exemplifies a person, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the patterns documented in Aims 1 and 2. By administering these studies via an innovative platform for remote, unmoderated research, we have the unique opportunity to reach families from all across the United States. The diversity afforded by this platform allows us to capture a holistic picture of the phenomenon in question and the mechanisms underlying it, broadening both the empirical rigor and real-world impacts of our findings.

项目摘要 该项目将揭示儿童对白人男性的信念的发展过程 代表默认人 - 一种植根于雄心勃勃的意识形态的模式（以 男性）和民族中心主义（以白人的经历为中心）在美国普遍存在。尽管 民族在种族和性别多样性中的崛起，白人在许多人中仍然有很多人数过多 从媒体到政治到临床研究，美国境内的领域。这样的过分占严重的位置 社会其他成本（所有种族，有色人种和性别不合格的人）的成本 - 特别是在健康领域，临床试验历史上优先考虑经验， 观点和白人的健康成果。要解决这个问题，我们必须了解何时以及如何 将白人男性视为整个童年的默认人的趋势，以及环境 基于这种现象的因素。具体而言，我们需要知道（a）开发轨迹 儿童对人们的默认表征开始赞成白人和男性，而不是其他身份，（b） 儿童所在（也不）激活白人男性默认的特定领域来指导社会 推理，以及（c）可以阻止这些信念发展的社会文化和生态因素。 幼儿积极建立知识以理解其社会环境。作为其中的一部分 流程，儿童从他们周围的来源（包括父母）吸收复杂的信息流 同行和更广泛的社会机构（例如媒体）。这就是孩子们获得的信念倾向于反映 嵌入在特定文化背景中的主要意识形态：在美国境内，雄性中心主义和 民族中心主义代表了两个这样的意识形态。拟议的研究将揭示儿童的方式 广泛类别的表示，人们反映了雄性中心主义和民族中心主义。为此，目标1 将揭示儿童信念的发展轨迹，即白人男性比黑人男性更重要， 白人女性或黑人女性 - 最终体现了一个人。 AIM 2将阐明儿童信仰的范围 关于谁最好通过测试跨领域的这种信念的一致性来表明一个人。最后，目标3 将揭示儿童社会文化和生态环境的特征，这些环境是谁相信谁 最好的表明一个人，提供了有关目标中记录模式基础的机制的见解 1和2。通过通过创新平台进行远程，未修饰的研究进行管理，我们有 吸引来自美国各地家庭的独特机会。这提供了多样性 平台使我们能够捕获有关现象的整体图片和依据的机制 它扩大了我们发现的经验严格和现实世界的影响。