Adaptive Evolution of Color Vision

色觉的适应性进化

• 批准号: 8815313
• 负责人: SHOZO YOKOYAMA
• 金额: $ 37.98万
• 依托单位: EMORY UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-02-01 至 2017-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8815313
• 关键词: 11 cis Retinal; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Application procedure; Attention; Biological Models; Biology; Cells; Characteristics; Chemicals; Color Visions; Color vision defect; Crustacea; DNA; Disease; Engineering; Environment; Evolution; Fishes; Genetic; Genetic Engineering; Goals; Habitats; Health; Hybrids; Hydrogen Bonding; Learning; Life; Life Style; Light; Measures; Mechanics; Methods; Molecular; Mutagenesis; Mutate; Nucleotides; Organism; Phototransduction; Pigments; Pike fish; Problem Solving; Procedures; Process; Proteins; RH1; Research; Retinal Dystrophy; Retinal Pigments; Retinitis Pigmentosa; Rhodopsin; Sampling; Scientist; Scombridae; Spottings; Squalus acanthias; Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; Surveys; Testing; Tuna; UV sensitive; Vertebrates; Viola; Vision; absorption; base; fascinate; interest; novel strategies; preconditioning; quantum; research study; vision science; 11 cis Retinal; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Application procedure; Attention; Biological Models; Biology; Cells; Characteristics; Chemicals; Color Visions; Color vision defect; Crustacea; DNA; Disease; Engineering; Environment; Evolution; Fishes; Genetic; Genetic Engineering; Goals; Habitats; Health; Hybrids; Hydrogen Bonding; Learning; Life; Life Style; Light; Measures; Mechanics; Methods; Molecular; Mutagenesis; Mutate; Nucleotides; Organism; Phototransduction; Pigments; Pike fish; Problem Solving; Procedures; Process; Proteins; RH1; Research; Retinal Dystrophy; Retinal Pigments; Retinitis Pigmentosa; Rhodopsin; Sampling; Scientist; Scombridae; Spottings; Squalus acanthias; Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; Surveys; Testing; Tuna; UV sensitive; Vertebrates; Viola; Vision; absorption; base; fascinate; interest; novel strategies; preconditioning; quantum; research study; vision science

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Animals have diversified and adapted to fill the numerous habitats and environments on this earth. The long-term goal of our studies is to elucidate mechanisms that drive these adaptive changes at the molecular and functional levels. We plan to accomplish this goal using vision as a model system. To identify critical amino acid (AA) changes that modify the wavelengths of maximal absorption (;maxs) of visual pigments, vision scientists analyze "contemporary" pigments. Experimental evolutionary biologists also manipulate "contemporary" pigments and infer the past. However, by ignoring the evolutionary processes of visual pigments, neither the molecular basis of spectral tuning in visual pigments nor the evolutionary mechanisms of visual pigments can be elucidated. Fortunately, the central unanswered questions in phototransduction and evolutionary biology can be solved simultaneously by genetically engineering and manipulating proper "ancestral pigments." Here, we propose to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that drive adaptive evolution of RH2, SWS1, and SWS2 pigments in vertebrates, which have ;maxs of ~450-530, ~355-440, and ~400-460 nm, respectively. We approach the problem not only by determining the molecular basis of spectral tuning in visual pigments but also by establishing the relationships between organisms with different sets of visual pigments and their ecological environments. For each pigment group, we plan to 1) infer the AA sequences of ~15 ancestral pigments and engineer them and determine their ;maxs, 2) infer AA changes that shift the ;max, 3) identify the critical AA changes by mutating ancestral pigments, and 4) establish the universal chemical principle of the spectral tuning in visual pigments by using the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods, which have been proven to be highly effective. We shall also test the possibility of adaptive evolution of these visual pigments by examining whether the directions of the ;max-shifts of visual pigments in various species match with the changes in the organisms' ecological environments. For this purpose, each of the three pigment groups with variable ;maxs in multiple species will be classified into distinct classes according to their environments and tested for the possibility of adaptive evolution. Since virtually all fish SWS1 pigments examined to date are UV-sensitive, we also plan to search for violet-sensitive SWS1 pigments in different fishes, by surveying fishes that live at depths of 0-200 m and prey on small fishes and do not require UV vision for hunting. Considering the strong AA interactions that occur in SWS1 pigments, we also plan to elucidate how various critical AA changes could have accumulated during its evolution and learn the chemical structural preconditions required for UV pigments to become violet-sensitive and vice versa.

描述（由申请人提供）：动物已经多样化并适应了地球上众多栖息地和环境。我们研究的长期目标是阐明在分子和功能水平上推动这些​​适应性变化的机制。我们计划使用视觉作为模型系统来实现这一目标。为了确定临界氨基酸（AA）改变视觉色素的最大吸收（; max）的波长，视觉科学家分析了“当代”颜料。实验进化生物学家还操纵“当代”色素并推断过去。但是，通过忽略视觉色素的进化过程，视觉色素中光谱调整的分子基础也不能阐明视觉色素的进化机制。幸运的是，可以通过基因工程和操纵适当的“祖先色素”同时解决光转导和进化生物学中的中心未解决问题。 在这里，我们建议阐明脊椎动物中RH2，SWS1和SWS2颜料的自适应演化的分子机制，分别具有〜450-530，〜355-440和〜400-460 nm。我们不仅通过确定视觉色素中光谱调整的分子基础，还通过建立不同视觉颜料集及其生态环境之间的关系来解决问题。对于每个色素组，我们计划1）推断〜15个祖先色素的AA序列并确定它们；最大值，2）推断AA变化的变化，以变化；最大值，3）通过使用量子/分子机械的量子机械机制来确定祖先色素突变的祖先化学原理，并确定祖先色素的普遍化学原理，以实现量子的态度。我们还应通过检查各种物种中的视觉颜料的最大移位方向是否与生物体生态环境的变化匹配这些视觉色素的自适应演化的可能性。为此，具有可变的三个色素组中的每一个；多种物种中的最大值将根据它们的环境分为不同的类别，并测试了适应性进化的可能性。由于迄今为止检查的几乎所有FISH SWS1颜料都对紫外线敏感，因此我们还计划通过调查生活在0-200 m的深处和小鱼的捕食的鱼类中，并不需要紫外线视力来寻找不同鱼类中紫色的SWS1颜料。考虑到SWS1颜料中发生的强大AA相互作用，我们还计划阐明在进化过程中如何积累各种关键的AA变化，并学习紫外颜料对紫色敏感的化学结构前提，反之亦然。