Basic Research In Personality: Aging

人格基础研究：衰老

• 批准号: 8736486
• 负责人: Susan Resnick
• 金额: $ 28.05万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8736486
• 关键词: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Age; Aging; Alzheimer' s Disease; Alzheimer' s disease risk; Autopsy; Basic Science; Behavior; Biological Markers; Characteristics; Cognitive; Communities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dimensions; Disease; Education; Emotions; Epidemiology; Ethnic Origin; General Population; Health; Impaired cognition; Individual; Individual Differences; Investigation; Life; Longevity; Mental Health; Morbidity - disease rate; Neurotic Disorders; Occupations; Outcome; Pathology; Patient Self-Report; Pattern; Perception; Personal Satisfaction; Personality; Personality Traits; Persons; Physiological; Process; Psychological Factors; Psychopathology; Relative (related person); Reporting; Research; Retirement; Risk Behaviors; Role; Sampling; Testing; Thinking; Time; age difference; age group; age related; interest; longitudinal design; mortality; physical conditioning; programs; psychologic; relating to nervous system; sex; socioeconomics; trait; trend

The notion of stability is central to the definition of personality traits, which are generally thought of as enduring tendencies or habitual patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions (McCrae & Costa, 2003), but stability does not imply immutability. Under normal circumstances, adult traits are largely stable, as indicated by high correlation coefficients computed for a group assessed twice on the same trait. These coefficients represent the average stability for a sample, but individuals vary in terms of their intra-individual stability. A longitudinal intra-individual approach was used to examine stabilities across two successive intervals traced within individuals. Individual stability coefficients from eight different longitudinal samples were computed to evaluate intra-individual (i.e., within-person) change in stability over time. Test-retest periods ranged from five to nine years. For both trait and profile (ipsative) stability, results indicate that intra-individual stability increases up to age 30 and then plateaus. Neither demographic variables (sex, ethnicity, education, and secular trends), nor the standing on the five major dimensions of personality, were predictors of change in trait stability. Contrary to results from studies of adolescents, personality maturity was unrelated to personality stability in adulthood. These findings support the notion that personality stability plateaus early in adulthood. Despite the relative stability of individual differences, in recent years we have extended the studies of mean-level change in personality by examining longitudinal trajectories in more diverse samples and cross-sectional trends across cultures. We have also focused on community or epidemiological investigations to study the causes of the modest changes that occur in personality traits in adulthood. In addition to health, we are interested in the reciprocal influences of personality and life circumstances, such as job characteristics and retirement transition. Furthermore, we aim to delineate the neural and cognitive correlates of personality dimensions across longitudinal assessments. Most recently, we have investigated the association between personality factors and risk for Alzheimer's disease, as well as personality in relation to the presence of Alzheimer's pathology at autopsy. These studies have shown that high neuroticism and low conscientiousness are predictors of increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. In addition, individuals who are low in neuroticism and high in conscientiousness are more likely to be asymptomatic despite the presence of Alzheimer's pathology. As part of a larger research program in downstream consequences of certain personality traits, we investigated the role of culture, and the socioeconomic correlates of culture, on personality, health, and well-being of individuals of different age groups. We collected both self-report and personality perceptions of people across the lifespan about targets of different ages. Both the levels and trajectory of personality differences across the lifespan were substantially similar across a wide variety of cultures; perceptions about the personality of people in various age groups closely track the self-reported personality levels at each particular age. Currently we are investigating possible socioeconomic correlates of individual differences both within and across cultures in order to understand basic processes that affect the environmental expression of various trait dispositions.

稳定的概念对于人格特征的定义至关重要，人格特质通常被认为是持久的倾向或行为，思想和情感的习惯模式（McCrae＆Costa，2003年），但稳定并不意味着不变性。在正常情况下，成年性状在很大程度上是稳定的，如针对同一性状两次评估的组计算的高相关系数所示。这些系数代表样本的平均稳定性，但个体在个体内稳定性方面有所不同。使用纵向的个体内方法来检查个人内部两个连续的间隔的稳定性。计算来自八个不同纵向样品的个体稳定系数，以评估稳定性随时间的稳定性变化（即，人身内部）变化。重测的重度范围从五到九年不等。对于性状和概况（同意）稳定性，结果表明，个体内稳定性提高到30岁，然后是高原。人口变量（性别，种族，教育和世俗趋势）都不是人格的五个主要维度，也不是特质稳定变化的预测指标。与青少年研究的结果相反，人格成熟与成年时的人格稳定无关。这些发现支持了成年初期人格稳定高原的观念。 尽管个体差异的相对稳定性，但近年来，我们通过检查更多样化的样本和各种文化的横断面趋势中的纵向轨迹来扩展人格变化的研究。我们还专注于社区或流行病学研究，以研究成年期间人格特征发生的适度变化的原因。除了健康外，我们还对人格和生活环境的相互影响（例如工作特征和退休过渡）感兴趣。此外，我们的目标是描述纵向评估之间人格维度的神经和认知相关性。 最近，我们调查了人格因素与阿尔茨海默氏病风险之间的关联，以及与阿尔茨海默氏病在尸检时存在有关的人格。 这些研究表明，高神经质和低下的尽责是阿尔茨海默氏病风险增加的预测指标。 此外，尽管存在阿尔茨海默氏病的病理学，但神经质较低且高高的良心性的个体更有可能是无症状的。 作为某些人格特征下游后果的更大研究计划的一部分，我们研究了文化的作用，以及文化的社会经济相关性，对不同年龄段个人的个性，健康和福祉的社会经济相关性。我们收集了整个生命周期中关于不同年龄目标的人的自我报告和人格观念。整个生命周期的人格差异的水平和轨迹在各种文化中都基本相似。对各个年龄段的人的性格的看法紧密跟踪每个特定年龄的自我报告的人格水平。目前，我们正在研究培养物质和跨文化中个体差异的可能的社会经济相关性，以了解影响各种特征处置的环境表达的基本过程。