The origins of complex CMAS deposits in aircraft engines and their effects on engine degradation

飞机发动机中复杂 CMAS 沉积物的起源及其对发动机退化的影响

• 批准号: 2906089
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2024
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2024 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2906089
• 关键词: origins; complex; CMAS; deposits; aircraft

This PhD project will address a major challenge faced by the airline industry as it strives to become more energy-efficient, namely the corrosion of engine components caused by ingestion of airborne sand and dust. Ingested airborne sand and dust are a problem for aircraft engines because, among other effects, they can melt inside the engine to produce so-called CMAS melts that can infiltrate and damage the thermal barrier coatings that are designed to protect engine components, with serious and expensive consequences for component life and engine efficiency. The higher the engine temperature, the more melting will occur. Modern gas turbine engines already run at very high temperatures in order to maximise fuel efficiency, and the engines of the future are likely to run at even higher temperatures, meaning CMAS attack will be even more of a problem. Furthermore, many airlines are experiencing greater sand and dust ingestion as a result of climate change induced desertification and an increase in extreme weather events such as sand storms. There is therefore a major push within the airline industry to develop technologies to minimise the opportunities for CMAS melts to form. Alongside this is a need to better understand the conditions in which the deposits form. This PhD will provide an important contribution to addressing this problem and ultimately reducing the economic and environmental impacts of aviation. The aim of the project is to advance the understanding of the origins and properties of CMAS deposits beyond their main components of CaO, MgO, Al2O3 and SiO2. The main additional component that will be studied is sulfur, which is implicated in a wide range of engine damage mechanisms. There are various possible origins of the sulfur, from ingested minerals to volcanic or anthropogenic SO2 gas. Salt, NaCl, is another highly reactive species at the high temperatures inside aircraft engines. The reactions that produce the complex CMAS deposits which result when these different components interact in the engine are poorly understood, as are the properties of the deposits, such as melting temperature and viscosity. The problem will be approached from two directions: (i) high-temperature experiments, and (ii) analysis of deposits from in-service engines and from whole-engine tests. The experiments will use high-temperature furnaces in the Experimental Petrology laboratories at the University of Manchester. Analysis of experimental samples and engine deposits will use X-ray diffraction to determine mineralogy, scanning electron microscopy to investigate textures as the CMAS melts interact with the underlying thermal barrier coatings, and Raman spectroscopy to investigate the structural state of minerals and glasses.

该博士项目将解决航空业在努力提高能源效率时所面临的一个重大挑战，即因摄入空气中的沙子和灰尘而引起的发动机部件腐蚀。摄入的空气中的沙子和灰尘对飞机发动机来说是一个问题，因为除其他影响外，它们可以在发动机内部熔化，产生所谓的 CMAS 熔化物，这些熔化物可以渗透并损坏旨在保护发动机部件的热障涂层，造成严重和严重的后果。对部件寿命和发动机效率造成昂贵的后果。发动机温度越高，熔化就越多。现代燃气涡轮发动机已经在非常高的温度下运行，以最大限度地提高燃油效率，而未来的发动机可能会在更高的温度下运行，这意味着 CMAS 攻击将成为更大的问题。此外，由于气候变化引起的荒漠化和沙尘暴等极端天气事件的增加，许多航空公司正在经历更多的沙尘摄入。因此，航空业大力推动技术开发，以尽量减少 CMAS 熔化的形成机会。除此之外，还需要更好地了解沉积物形成的条件。该博士将为解决这一问题并最终减少航空对经济和环境的影响做出重要贡献。该项目的目的是加深对 CMAS 矿床的起源和性质的了解，超越其主要成分 CaO、MgO、Al2O3 和 SiO2。将研究的主要附加成分是硫，它与多种发动机损坏机制有关。硫的来源有多种，从摄入的矿物质到火山或人为的二氧化硫气体。盐，氯化钠，是飞机发动机内高温下另一种高活性物质。人们对这些不同成分在发动机中相互作用时产生复杂 CMAS 沉积物的反应知之甚少，沉积物的特性（例如熔化温度和粘度）也知之甚少。该问题将从两个方向解决：（i）高温实验，（ii）对在役发动机和整个发动机测试中的沉积物进行分析。实验将使用曼彻斯特大学实验岩石学实验室的高温炉。对实验样品和发动机沉积物的分析将使用 X 射线衍射来确定矿物学，扫描电子显微镜来研究 CMAS 熔体与下面的热障涂层相互作用时的纹理，以及拉曼光谱来研究矿物和玻璃的结构状态。