Studies of Populations Exposed to Environmental Sources

暴露于环境源的人群的研究

• 批准号: 7288874
• 负责人: Martha S. Linet
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: DIVISION OF CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7288874
• 关键词: Studies; Populations; Exposed; Environmental; Sources

Benign and Malignant Thyroid Disease Among Those Exposed as Children to Fallout from the Chornobyl Accident The Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident in Ukraine in 1986 contaminated large parts of Belarus, northwestern Ukraine, and bordering Russian provinces. A case-control study in Belarus, with individual dose estimates, demonstrated a statistically significant link between thyroid cancer and radiation dose from fallout related to the Chornobyl accident. With the assistance of the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), NCI has organized long-term follow-up studies of benign and malignant thyroid disease among those exposed as children to fallout from the Chornobyl accident in Belarus and in Ukraine. To date, the thyroid glands of approximately 12,000 subjects in each country have been screened biennially. A prevalence analysis of thyroid cancer based on data from the first screening has been completed and a manuscript is under review at a leading journal. A paper on autoimmune thyroiditis is in preparation. Cancer Mortality Among the Population Exposed to Radioactive Waste Dumped in the Techa River Adjacent to the Mayak Nuclear Facility in Russia Villagers living along the banks of the Techa River in Russia were exposed to chronic external and internal radiation from the Mayak nuclear facility. Cancer mortality is being evaluated in a cohort of approximately 30,000 people who received large doses of radiation from the radioactive waste dumped into the river. Current efforts focus on improving data quality, tracing the population for vital status information, and on statistical analyses. Ans association between cancer mortality and radiation dose has been observed. Thyroid Nodules as a Measure of Radiation Risk Among a Population of 3000 Residents in Kazakhstan Exposed as Children to Fallout from Nuclear Testing at the Semipalatinsk Test Site Thyroid nodule prevalence, ascertained by ultrasound screening, was used as a biomarker for radiation-related risk in a population of 3000 childhood residents of villages in Kazakhstan affected by radioactive fallout from nuclear bomb tests at the nearby Semipalatinsk Test Site. An ongoing dose reconstruction, based on Russian models for fallout deposition, archival and interview data on residence at the time of fallout events, source and consumption of milk and milk products, and models for iodine transport from pasture to food, yielded individual estimates of thyroid dose from external and internal radiation sources. Preliminary estimates of dose response for nodule prevalence suggest that the relative biological effectiveness of radiation from ingested 131-I compared to gamma rays from external sources is about 70% and is unlikely to be less than 20%. Lung Cancer and High Levels of Indoor Radon in China Data from a comprehensive case-control study of lung cancer in rural China in which high levels of indoor radon increased lung cancer risk was pooled with data from another large case-control study of lung cancer and radon conducted in a more urban area of China. Results from both studies were consistent with meta-analyses of indoor studies and from miner data suggesting that long-term exposure to radon in homes increases lung cancer risk. A measurement sub-study conducted over a three-year period found that temporal variation in radon levels represented the greatest source of uncertainty in radon measurements. Adjusting for this uncertainty in measurement increased the excess risk estimates of lung cancer by 50-100%. This suggests that radon studies using similar dosimetry may underestimate radon effects.

良性和恶性甲状腺疾病中的儿童暴露于Chornobyl事故中发生的疾病 1986年，乌克兰的切尔诺贝利核反应堆事故污染了白俄罗斯，乌克兰西北部的大部分地区，并与俄罗斯省接壤。在白俄罗斯进行的一项病例对照研究，具有单独的剂量估计，表明甲状腺癌与辐射剂量之间的统计学意义联系与Chornobyl事故有关。在能源部（DOE）和核监管委员会（NRC）的协助下，NCI组织了对良性和恶性甲状腺疾病的长期随访研究，这些研究暴露于白俄罗斯和乌克兰的Chornobyl事故中，以造成儿童的影响。迄今为止，每个国家大约有12,000名受试者的甲状腺已被两年筛选。基于第一次筛查的数据对甲状腺癌进行的患病率分析已经完成，并且在领先的期刊上正在审查手稿。有关自身免疫性甲状腺炎的论文正在制备中。 暴露于俄罗斯Mayak核设施附近的Techa河中的放射性废物的癌症死亡率 居住在俄罗斯Techa河沿岸的村民暴露于Mayak核设施的慢性外部和内部辐射。在大约30,000人中评估了癌症死亡率，他们从倾倒在河里的放射性废物中接受了大剂量的辐射。当前的努力集中在提高数据质量，追溯人群获取生命状况信息以及统计分析。已经观察到癌症死亡率和辐射剂量之间的ANS关联。 甲状腺结节是哈萨克斯坦3000名居民的辐射风险的衡量标准 通过超声筛查确定的甲状腺结节患病率被用作辐射相关风险的生物标志物，在附近的半帕金辛斯克测试地点受到放射性灾难造成的哈萨克斯坦村庄的3000名童年居民的人群。持续的剂量重建基于俄罗斯模型，用于在辐射事件，牛奶和牛奶产品的来源和消费量以及从牧场到食物的碘运输模型时，对居住的俄罗斯模型进行了研究，从而产生了对外部和内部辐射源的甲状腺剂量的估计。对结节患病率的剂量反应的初步估计表明，与外部来源的伽马射线相比，摄入的131-I辐射的相对生物学有效性约为70％，不可能小于20％。 中国肺癌和高水平的室内ra 来自中国农村肺癌的全面病例对照研究的数据，其中高水平的室内ra可增加的肺癌风险与另一项大型病例对照研究的数据合并，该研究在中国的一个更城市地区进行了肺癌和ra。两项研究的结果与室内研究的荟萃分析以及矿工数据一致，这表明房屋中长期暴露于ra会增加肺癌的风险。在三年内进行的测量子研究发现，ra的时间变化代表了ra尺测量中最大的不确定性来源。调整测量中的这种不确定性使肺癌的多余风险估计增加了50-100％。这表明使用类似剂量法的ra研究可能会低估ra的作用。