Precursors to appearance-based stereotypes

基于外表的刻板印象的前身

• 批准号: 7099292
• 负责人: JENNIFER L RENNELS
• 金额: $ 0.35万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-01-01 至 2006-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7099292
• 关键词: behavior test; behavioral /social science research tag; behavioral habituation /sensitization; body physical characteristic; child behavior; clinical research; cues; developmental psychology; emotions; face; face expression; human subject; infant human (0-1 year); preference; prejudice; sex; social behavior; visual perception

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The purpose of this research is to investigate precursors in the development of stereotypes based on gender, attractiveness, and masculinity/femininity appearance cues. Examining these precursors will be a first step toward understanding how emotionally-laden, stereotypic attributes become linked to groups of people who are similar in appearance. The development of appearance-based stereotypes is important to understand because of the deleterious effects resulting from the stereotypes, such as negative judgment and treatment (e.g., Langlois et al., 2000). In addition, stereotypes related to appearance cues affect perceptions and treatment of mental and physical health (e.g., Nehls, 1998; Kaplan, Winget, & Free, 1990; Langlois et al., 2000; Masline & Davis, 1975; Morash, Haarr, & Rucker, 1994; Rhodes et al., 2001; Swenson & Ragucci, 1984), and internalization of these stereotypes may lead to actual differences in social competence and health (Grimmelll & Stern, 1992; Kopper & Epperson, 1996; Matter & Matter, 1989; Umberson & Hughes, 1987). Thus, it is important to understand the origins of these stereotypes. Using two commonly accepted methods for testing infants (familiarization and visual preference paradigms), the proposed studies will investigate how the cues of gender, attractiveness, and masculinity/femininity contribute to making some faces seem more "familiar" than others. Familiarity of faces should elicit infants' visual preferences (e.g., Hunter & Ames, 1988) and subsequently guide their categorization of faces into groups based on these cues. Infants' visual preferences for and categorization of certain types of faces are two developmental processes posited to precede linking of stereotypic attributions to groups of people (e.g., Ramsey, Langlois, Hess, Rubenstein, & Griffin, in press; Zebrowitz-McArthur, 1982). Results have implications for understanding early stereotype development and informing interventions aimed at reducing stereotypes.

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的目的是调查基于性别、吸引力和男性气质/女性气质外观线索的刻板印象形成的前兆。检查这些前兆将是了解充满情感的刻板属性如何与外表相似的人群联系起来的第一步。基于外表的刻板印象的发展对于理解很重要，因为刻板印象会产生有害影响，例如负面判断和治疗（例如，Langlois et al., 2000）。此外，与外表线索相关的刻板印象会影响对身心健康的看法和治疗（例如，Nehls，1998；Kaplan，Winget，＆Free，1990；Langlois等人，2000；Masline＆Davis，1975；Morash，Haarr， & Rucker，1994；Rhodes 等，2001； 1984），这些刻板印象的内化可能会导致社会能力和健康方面的实际差异（Grimmelll＆Stern，1992；Kopper＆Epperson，1996；Matter＆Matter，1989；Umberson＆Hughes，1987）。因此，了解这些刻板印象的起源很重要。使用两种普遍接受的测试婴儿的方法（熟悉和视觉偏好范式），拟议的研究将调查性别、吸引力和男性气质/女性气质的线索如何使某些面孔看起来比其他面孔更“熟悉”。对面孔的熟悉应该引起婴儿的视觉偏好（例如，Hunter & Ames，1988），并随后指导他们根据这些线索将面孔分类。婴儿对某些类型面孔的视觉偏好和分类是两个发展过程，被认为是在将刻板印象归因与人群联系起来之前的两个发展过程（例如，Ramsey、Langlois、Hess、Rubenstein 和 Griffin，正在出版；Zebrowitz-McArthur，1982） 。结果对于理解早期刻板印象的发展和为旨在减少刻板印象的干预措施提供信息具有重要意义。