Dynamical Factors in the Development of Motor Skill

运动技能发展的动力因素

• 批准号: 6709432
• 负责人: Esther Thelen
• 金额: $ 50.96万
• 依托单位: TRUSTEES OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1987-03-01 至 2007-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6709432
• 关键词: behavior test; behavioral /social science research tag; behavioral habituation /sensitization; body movement; books; child physical development; child psychology; clinical research; cognition; computer simulation; electromyography; human subject; infant human (0-1 year); learning; longitudinal human study; memory; model design /development; neural information processing; neuromuscular function; performance; preschool child (1-5); psychological models; psychomotor function; robotics; statistics /biometry

The goal of this research program is to understand the acquisition of motor skills in infancy and early childhood. Specifically, this research is concerned with the dual-nature of skill: how children learn to become both stable in their performance and flexible in their abilities to engage in new tasks. The studies are informed by a dynamic systems perspective and address skill development in terms of dynamics tested and coupled over levels and time scales. This theoretical approach focuses on the multiple, interacting factors that lead to movement. Here we especially consider how perception, motor memory, and task intersect in producing movements of eyes and head, and manual actions of varying complexities. Studies look at changes in real and developmental time and include empirical research, model simulation and robotics. Specific Aim 1 is based on a new model of infant visual habituation. In six experiments, we manipulate the metric parameters contributing to infants' development of visual attention. In Specific Aim 2 we study the dynamics of action memories for simple reaching with hands and with feed in infants and toddlers, and how those memories interact with visual attention. Specific Aim 3 is to study the dynamics of complex motor actions. Infants and toddlers are tested with toys of varying complexity to understand how recent and longer-term experience affect their tendencies to repeat or switch to new actions. In Specific Aim 4 we implement these theoretical models in an autonomous robot to further explore mechanisms of real time behavior and its developmental course. Specific Aim 5 is to continue experiments on infant limb perturbations currently funded and Specific Aim 6 to write a book on development of embodied cognition based on these and previous experimental and modeling work. These studies impact upon our understanding of basic mechanisms of skill development and continue to contribute new theories of clinical intervention in pediatric physical and occupational therapy.

该研究计划的目标是了解婴儿期和幼儿期运动技能的获得。具体来说，这项研究关注的是技能的双重性：孩子如何学习既稳定自己的表现又灵活地参与新任务。这些研究从动态系统的角度出发，解决了在不同级别和时间尺度上测试和耦合的动态方面的技能发展问题。这种理论方法侧重于导致运动的多种相互作用的因素。在这里，我们特别考虑感知、运动记忆和任务如何交叉产生眼睛和头部的运动以及不同复杂性的手动动作。研究着眼于真实时间和发育时间的变化，包括实证研究、模型模拟和机器人技术。具体目标 1 基于婴儿视觉习惯的新模型。在六个实验中，我们操纵了有助于婴儿视觉注意力发展的度量参数。在特定目标 2 中，我们研究了婴儿和幼儿简单地用手和喂食的动作记忆的动态，以及这些记忆如何与视觉注意力相互作用。具体目标 3 是研究复杂运动动作的动力学。使用不同复杂程度的玩具对婴儿和幼儿进行测试，以了解最近和长期的经历如何影响他们重复或转向新动作的倾向。在具体目标 4 中，我们在自主机器人中实现了这些理论模型，以进一步探索实时行为的机制及其发展过程。具体目标 5 是继续目前资助的婴儿肢体扰动实验，具体目标 6 是根据这些以及之前的实验和建模工作写一本关于具身认知发展的书。这些研究影响了我们对技能发展基本机制的理解，并继续贡献儿科物理和职业治疗临床干预的新理论。