Particle Physics Consolidated Grant from the University of Sheffield: Energy Frontier, Neutrinos, Dark Matter and R&D

谢菲尔德大学粒子物理学综合资助：能源前沿、中微子、暗物质和 R

• 批准号: ST/W000547/1
• 负责人: Davide Costanzo
• 金额: $ 342.81万
• 依托单位: University of Sheffield
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FW000547%2F1
• 关键词: Particle; Physics; Consolidated; Grant; University; Particle; Physics; Consolidated; Grant; University

"What is the Universe made of, and why?" Sheffield's HEP programme aims to address this fundamental question. There are two problems here: about 5/6 of the matter in the Universe seems to be an as yet undiscovered particle (dark matter), and the remaining 1/6 is all matter - not the 50:50 matter-antimatter mix we make in laboratories.We search for the dark matter particle in two ways: at the energy frontier, by seeking to detect new particles created by the high-energy proton-proton collisions of the LHC at CERN, and in direct searches, attempting to observe these particles in the Galaxy itself. The theory of supersymmetry, which predicts a whole set of particles related to, but more massive than, the known particles of the Standard Model (SM), offers a candidate dark matter particle. If supersymmetric particles can be made at the LHC, they should be detected in ATLAS. Our programme searches specifically for new Higgs bosons and for particles related to the SM quarks and gluons. At ATLAS, we also study SM processes involving the force carriers of the weak interaction, probing our understanding of the SM. Looking to the future, we are contributing essential work to the upgrade of the ATLAS experiment required to take full advantage of higher event rates in future running of the LHC.Most of the matter in our Galaxy is dark matter. In the LZ experiment, we search for evidence of dark matter colliding with Xe atoms in the experiment and causing them to recoil. This experiment will be the most sensitive dark matter detector ever constructed. Understanding possible background - non-dark-matter - events is critical to this, and we have world leading expertise in this field. We are also leading a recently funded UK project searching for axions: another possible type of dark matter particle which cannot be detected at the LHC or in standard dark matter experiments.Why is the matter in the Universe all matter, not antimatter? The answer to this question must lie in subtle differences between particles and antiparticles, an effect called CP violation. The CP violating effects so far observed are not nearly large enough to create the Universe we see. The most likely source for more CP violation is in the interactions of neutrinos. A key observation is that neutrinos have mass, and that different types of neutrinos can interchange their identities in flight. The T2K experiment has made measurements of this, and has detected strong, but not yet definitive, evidence of CP violation. We plan to build on this work, both in running experiments (T2K and SBND) and in designing the next generation of neutrino experiments (such as Hyper-K and DUNE) which will have much greater sensitivity. We have developed tools to assist the neutrino community in comparing results and improving our understanding of how neutrinos interact. Our access to Boulby Mine provides an invaluable low-background laboratory for testing materials and detector prototypes.Neutrinos are also important in astrophysics. We play a leading role in efforts to study supernova neutrinos in Super-K and Hyper-K, and have produced an open-source tool to help experimenters in this field implement new theoretical models. This work may help explain how heavy elements are created in supernovae and disseminated through the Universe. We are continuing our R&D work with LAr detectors for future experiments.Finally, we seek to apply HEP technology to industry and to solving global problems. We are designing muon detectors to image nuclear waste, check the integrity of rail and road tunnels, and monitor civil infrastructure. Our expertise in water Cherenkov neutrino detection is being exploited in an experiment designed to monitor compliance with nuclear non-proliferation treaties, and our expertise in data analysis in a project to help the Met Office locate lightning strikes and track severe storms. All of this builds on our STFC core programme to benefit the wider world.

“宇宙是什么，为什么？”谢菲尔德的HEP计划旨在解决这个基本问题。 There are two problems here: about 5/6 of the matter in the Universe seems to be an as yet undiscovered particle (dark matter), and the remaining 1/6 is all matter - not the 50:50 matter-antimatter mix we make in laboratories.We search for the dark matter particle in two ways: at the energy frontier, by seeking to detect new particles created by the high-energy proton-proton collisions of the LHC at CERN, and in direct searches,试图观察星系本身中的这些颗粒。超对称的理论预测了一组与标准模型（SM）的已知粒子相关但更大的粒子提供了候选暗物质粒子。如果可以在LHC上制成超对称颗粒，则应在Atlas中检测到它们。我们的程序专门搜索新的希格斯玻色子和与sm夸克和胶子有关的颗粒。在Atlas，我们还研究了涉及弱相互作用的力载体的SM过程，从而探讨了我们对SM的理解。展望未来，我们为在LHC的未来运行中充分利用较高事件的升级所需的升级为基本工作。我们银河系中的大部分都是暗物质。在LZ实验中，我们在实验中寻找与Xe原子相撞的暗物质证据并导致它们后坐力。该实验将是有史以来最敏感的暗物质检测器。理解可能的背景 - 非黑暗事件 - 事件对此至关重要，我们在该领域拥有世界领先的专业知识。我们还领导着一个最近资助的英国项目，寻找轴：在LHC或标准的暗物质实验中无法检测到的另一种可能的暗物质粒子类型。为什么宇宙中的物质是所有物质，而不是反物质？这个问题的答案必须在于颗粒和反粒子之间的细微差异，这一效果称为CP违规。到目前为止观察到的违反CP违反CP效果还不够大，无法创建我们看到的宇宙。违反CP的最可能来源是中微子的相互作用。一个关键的观察是，中微子具有质量，不同类型的中微子可以在飞行中互换其身份。 T2K实验对此进行了测量，并发现了强大但尚未确定的CP违规证据。我们计划在运行实验（T2K和SBND）以及设计下微中微子实验（例如Hyper-K和Dune）的过程中建立这项工作，这将具有更大的灵敏度。我们开发了工具，以帮助中微子社区比较结果并提高我们对中微子相互作用的理解。我们进入布比矿山（Boulby Iner）为测试材料和探测器原型提供了宝贵的低背景实验室。中旋替氏菌在天体物理学中也很重要。我们在研究Super-K和Hyper-K中研究超新星中微子的努力中发挥了领先作用，并制作了一种开源工具，以帮助该领域的实验人员实施新的理论模型。这项工作可能有助于解释超新星在宇宙中产生的沉重元素。我们正在继续与LAR探测器进行研发工作，以进行未来的实验。在本文中，我们寻求将HEP技术应用于行业并解决全球问题。我们正在设计MUON探测器来对核废料进行图像，检查铁路和道路隧道的完整性，并监视民用基础设施。我们在旨在监测符合核非扩散条约的实验中利用了我们在水Cherenkov中微子检测方面的专业知识，并且在一个项目中，我们在数据分析方面的专业知识，以帮助MET办公室找到雷击和跟踪严重的风暴。所有这些都建立在我们的STFC核心计划上，以使更广阔的世界受益。