Experimental Particle Physics Consolidated Grant 2019

2019年实验粒子物理综合补助金

• 批准号: ST/S000879/1
• 负责人: Themistocles Bowcock
• 金额: $ 914.25万
• 依托单位: University of Liverpool
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FS000879%2F1
• 关键词: Experimental; Particle; Physics; Consolidated; Grant

Fundamental physics strives to answer the big questions: what is our Universe made of; how did it evolve; what forces govern it and how do they shape the phenomena we observe? In particle physics we build experiments to examine the smallest constituents of the universe, fundamental particles, so that we can address these questions with our findings.Our knowledge of how fundamental particles behave is encapsulated in a theory called the Standard Model. It has enormous predictive power and provides a simple framework to understand the nature of the universe, however, we also know the theory is incomplete. With experiments at the highest energies, we test predictions to determine the limits of our understanding and the validity of our theory. With dedicated precision experiments we probe predictions at incredible levels of accuracy. The faintest trace of any disagreement between theory and data could indicate a discovery of new types of physics, and a step forward in understanding the nature of the Universe.One of the most pressing questions we have concerns why matter should dominate so much over anti-matter in the Universe. Matter and anti-matter should have been created in equal quantities in the early Universe, but very little anti-matter occurs naturally now. The difference in behaviour between matter and anti-matter that caused this is a mystery, and a defining feature of our universe. Without this difference galaxies and planets could not form, and life could not exist. We think neutrinos may hold the key to understanding why it happened. Neutrinos, discovered almost a century ago, are the most evanescent of particles. They have no charge, barely interact with matter and were long thought to have no mass at all (like a photon). To detect them we have had to build enormous but very sensitive detectors. Our experiments show that neutrinos have a very small mass; it is this that might cause the preponderance of matter over anti-matter. An important part of our research is to make detailed measurements of neutrinos, to understand their masses and if they are responsible for our matter-dominated universe. The discovery of the Higgs particle marks a new era in our understanding. It confirms the existence of a fundamentally new entity that pervades all of nature and gives mass to elementary particles. Without the Higgs electrons could not bind to protons to make hydrogen atoms, and without atoms our universe would be a very different, lifeless place. In our experiments, we study the Higgs to measure and understand its behaviour. We are motivated by the fascinating possibility that the Higgs may help us understand the dark side of the universe; the mysterious dark matter. It has long been known that there are not enough stars visible in galaxies to explain the speed at which stars rotate around them. Our best explanation is that galaxies also contain massive, invisible (dark) matter which supplies the extra gravitational glue necessary to keep stars in their orbits. Calculations suggest this dark matter forms five times as much of the universe as the matter we see. The Higgs could interact with dark matter, giving us a way to illuminate the dark sector of the universe for the first time. Astrophysical observations also suggest that the Universe's expansion is accelerating, as if there is pressure created by space itself. How this happens is not yet understood, although it has been suggested that an unknown (dark) energy permeating the universe could cause the acceleration. Dark energy, together with dark matter, form 95% of the universe. In other words, we have only studied and understood 5% of the cosmos in our existing experiments. It is imperative that we understand more, and we have joined new experiments to investigate dark energy, discover new physics, and ultimately uncover the nature of the Universe.

基本物理学努力回答大问题：我们的宇宙是什么？它是如何发展的；什么力控制它，它们如何塑造我们观察到的现象？在粒子物理学中，我们构建实验以检查宇宙的最小成分，基本的颗粒，以便我们可以通过发现的发现来解决这些问题。我们了解基本粒子如何行为的知识是在称为标准模型的理论中封装的。它具有巨大的预测能力，并提供了一个简单的框架来了解宇宙的本质，但是，我们也知道该理论是不完整的。通过最高能量的实验，我们测试预测以确定我们理解的局限性和理论的有效性。通过专门的精确实验，我们以令人难以置信的准确性探测预测。理论和数据之间任何分歧的最微弱的痕迹都可能表明发现了新型物理类型，以及了解宇宙本质的一步。我们担心的是最紧迫的问题之一，为什么物质应该在宇宙中的反物质上如此占主导地位。物质和反物质应该在早期的宇宙中以相等的数量创建，但是现在很少发生反物质。造成这种情况的物质和反物质之间的行为差​​异是一个谜，也是我们宇宙的定义特征。没有这种差异，星系和行星就无法形成，生命将不存在。我们认为中微子可能是理解为什么发生的关键。中微子大约一个世纪前发现，是颗粒中最偏见的。他们没有电荷，几乎与物质相互作用，长期以来人们根本没有质量（如光子）。为了检测它们，我们必须建立巨大但非常敏感的探测器。我们的实验表明，中微子的质量很小。正是这种可能导致物质优于反物质。我们研究的重要部分是对中微子进行详细的测量，了解其群众以及他们是否负责我们的重要宇宙。希格斯粒子的发现标志着我们理解的一个新时代。它证实了一个从根本上遍布全部自然的新实体的存在，并赋予了基本颗粒的质量。没有希格斯电子，电子将无法与质子结合以制造氢原子，而没有原子，我们的宇宙将是一个非常不同的，无生命的地方。在我们的实验中，我们研究了希格斯以衡量和理解其行为。我们的动机是希格斯可能有助于我们理解宇宙的黑暗面的可能性。神秘的暗物质。早就知道，星系中没有足够的恒星来解释恒星周围旋转的速度。我们最好的解释是，星系还包含巨大的无形（黑暗）物质，这些物质提供了将恒星保持在轨道上所需的额外重力。计算表明，这种暗物质形成的宇宙是我们看到的五倍。希格斯可以与暗物质互动，这使我们有一种方法可以第一次照亮宇宙的黑暗区域。天体物理学观察结果还表明，宇宙的扩展正在加速，好像空间本身会产生压力。尽管已经提出了渗透到宇宙的未知（黑暗）能量可能导致加速度的未知（黑暗）能量，但尚未理解这种情况。暗能量以及暗物质形成了宇宙的95％。换句话说，我们仅在现有实验中研究并了解了5％的宇宙。我们必须了解更多，并且我们加入了新的实验，以研究黑暗能量，发现新物理学并最终揭示宇宙的本质。

项目成果

Search for excited electrons singly produced in proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} ~=~13~\text {Te}\text {V}$$ with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC

利用大型强子对撞机的 ATLAS 实验，在 $$sqrt{s} ~=~13~ ext {Te} ext {V}$$ 处搜索质子-质子碰撞中单独产生的激发电子

• DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7295-1
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: The European Physical Journal C
• 作者: Aaboud M

Measurement of $$W^{\pm }Z$$ production cross sections and gauge boson polarisation in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 13~\text {TeV}$$ with the ATLAS detector

使用 ATLAS 探测器在 $$sqrt{s} = 13~ ext {TeV}$$ 处测量 pp 碰撞中的 $$W^{pm }Z$$ 产生截面和规范玻色子极化

• DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7027-6
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: The European Physical Journal C
• 作者: Aaboud M

Comparison of Fragmentation Functions for Jets Dominated by Light Quarks and Gluons from pp and Pb+Pb Collisions in ATLAS.

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.042001
• 发表时间: 2019-02
• 期刊: Physical review letters
• 影响因子: 8.6
• 作者: M. Aaboud;A. Kupco;S. Webb;T. Dreyer;Yufeng Wang;K. Jakobs;M. Spousta;M. Cobal;Peilong Wang;S. Schmitt;J. Schovancová;A. Bassalat;M. Melo;M. Shapiro;G. Tarna;S. Zimmermann;T. Eifert;N. Ozturk;S. Kuday;F. Legger;M. Sioli;L. Cerrito;N. Bruscino;F. Giorgi;J. Huston;S. Robertson;R. Gonçalo;A. Snesarev;L. Rotonda;D. Duschinger;E. Carquin;A. R. Morales;S. Crépé-Renaudin;J. Parsons;W. Balunas;Y. Tikhonov;M. K. Ayoub;J. A. Pozo;C. Mwewa;David Miller;A. Ivina;Yanlin Liu;P. Mastrandrea;Jan-Ulf Mjoernmark;S. J. Batista;W. Leight;A. Colijn;M. G. Ratti;Liaoshan Shi;M. E. Nelson;H. Krueger;J. Ocariz;M. Nordberg;J. Maneira;J. Cúth;Daniela Bortoletto;A. Lankford;N. Sinev;S. Tapprogge;F. Parodi;T. Masubuchi;D. E. F. Lima;T. LeCompte;Shenjian Chen;S. Batlamous;T. Martin;J. Poveda;E. Mountricha;T. N. Manh;M. Ouchrif;K. Korcyl;C. Grefe;K. Toms;P. Tipton;F. Klitzner;A. Valero;F. Mueller;T. Kishimoto;K. Kawagoe;A. Barton;A. Policicchio;E. Yigitbasi;F. Speiser;S. Zambito;S. Karpov;P. Strizenec;N. 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Kawamura;A. Campoverde;J. L. Bahilo;D. Lynn;J. Morris;S. Buddenbrock;D. Melini

Measurement of the relative B c ± / B ± production cross section with the ATLAS detector at s = 8 TeV

使用 ATLAS 探测器在 s = 8 TeV 下测量相对 B c ± / B ± 生产截面

• DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.104.012010
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Physical Review D
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Aaboud M

Erratum to: Measurements of W and Z boson production in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=5.02$$ s = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector

勘误表：使用 ATLAS 探测器在 $$sqrt{s}=5.02$$ s = 5.02 TeV 时测量 pp 碰撞中 W 和 Z 玻色子的产生

• DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6870-9
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: The European Physical Journal C
• 作者: Aaboud M